Dr. Vance conducted an experiment to investigate whether semantic clustering affects free recall in short-term memory.

She recruited 10 participants from an introductory cognitive science course. Dr. Vance created two lists of 12 words:

• List 1 (Clustered): Words grouped by semantic categories (e.g., apple, banana, pear, chair, desk, table).
• List 2 (Random): Words with no semantic associations (e.g., clock, run, brick, soft, yellow, card).

Participants were shown each list for 30 seconds and then immediately asked to recall as many words as possible.

The results of Dr. Vance's experiment are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Number of words recalled correctly from List 1 and List 2