An ecologist is studying the visual reflexes of a mammal. During the study, the animal is moved from a brightly lit chamber into a dark observation enclosure.
Diagram A shows the animal's eye while inside the brightly lit chamber. Diagram B shows the animal's eye after it has been moved into the dark observation enclosure.

Explain why the pupil changes from Diagram A to Diagram B, and describe the mechanism that causes this change.
The diagrams below show how light from a distant object is focused in the eyes of two different people, Person X and Person Y.

Name the eye defect shown for each person.
Identify the type of corrective lens needed for each person and explain how these lenses work.