Dr. Vance wanted to study cooperative versus solitary play in pre-schoolers during their scheduled outdoor recess. She set up a sandpit with two types of equipment: large shared buckets and individual hand-shovels. Dr. Vance watched the children's interactions via a hidden security camera feed in the school office, recording the play type each child engaged in first.
Dr. Vance's results are shown in Table 2.
| Age Group | Cooperative play | Solitary play |
|---|---|---|
| 3-year-olds | 4 | 9 |
| 4-year-olds | 8 | 3 |
Identify the type of observation used by Dr. Vance in her study.
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