Ammonium chloride contains oppositely charged ions.
State the formula of each ion.
Positive ion:
Negative ion:
Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains ammonium ions and state the observation.
Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains chloride ions and state the observation.
Ammonium chloride decomposes when heated:
NH4Cl(s)⇌NH3(g)+HCl(g) \text{NH}_4\text{Cl}(\text{s}) \rightleftharpoons \text{NH}_3(\text{g}) + \text{HCl}(\text{g}) NH4Cl(s)⇌NH3(g)+HCl(g)What does the ⇌\rightleftharpoons⇌ symbol indicate about the reaction?
The reaction between ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas can be used to illustrate diffusion using the following apparatus.
After a few minutes, a white solid appears inside the tube.
Identify the white solid.
What does the diagram show about the speed of the ammonia molecules compared to the speed of the hydrogen chloride molecules?
State the main hazard when using concentrated hydrochloric acid in the experiment in (d). Suggest one precaution you could use to minimise this hazard.
