Researchers wanted to investigate the impact of fitness-focused social media content ("Gymtok") on the consumption of high-caffeine pre-workout supplements among teenage gym-goers.
They conducted a meta-analysis on studies published between 2018 and 2025 involving participants aged 14–19 years, assessing how short-form video endorsements of pre-workout supplements (specifically the practice of "dry-scooping"—consuming the dry powder without water) by fitness creators influenced dietary choices and preparation habits.
The meta-analysis included short-form video clips, sponsored content, and transformation challenges by domestic and international fitness influencers, while excluding traditional print magazines, television ads, and adult-targeted clinical supplement marketing.
The researchers compared data on influencer-endorsed pre-workouts with standard instructional exercise videos. 14 studies on supplement ingestion and 8 studies on standard exercise instruction met the criteria.
Two methodologies were analyzed:
Using research evidence, explain how far learning theories can account for the findings of the study into fitness social media and teenage supplement consumption behavior.
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