Smart-grid technology has made it easier to implement time-of-use pricing for utility infrastructure, including charging users different rates depending on demand fluctuations throughout the day.
Which one of the following would be the most likely outcome if a regional authority introduced dynamic, time-of-use toll charges for vehicles using major bridge and tunnel crossings into a city centre?
Fewer commuting workers will choose to use public transport networks.
More private vehicles will use the crossings during peak commuting hours.
The bridge and tunnel crossings will become non-excludable public goods.
The operating costs of many local delivery and transport firms will increase.
