What name is given to foreign proteins on the surface of pathogens that trigger an immune response?

Tick ($✓$) one box.

• Antibiotics [ ]
• Antigens [ ]
• Antibodies [ ]

The human body has non-specific defences to prevent pathogens from entering or causing harm. Draw a line from each defence to the body part that provides it.

• Defence:
  • $A$: Acid that destroys pathogens in swallowed food or mucus.
  • $B$: Ciliated cells and mucus that trap and sweep away inhaled pathogens.
• Body Part:
  • Stomach
  • Heart
  • Trachea (windpipe)
  • Kidneys

Complete the sentence by choosing the correct word from the options: benign, malignant, metastatic.

"A tumour that remains in one place, usually contained within a membrane, and does not invade neighbouring tissues is described as a ____________ tumour."

Malignant tumours are cancers. Which two statements describe malignant tumours?

Tick ($✓$) two boxes.

• They are always harmless and do not grow.
• They have cells that can split off and travel in the blood to other organs.
• They are contained within a protective outer sheath and never spread.
• They can invade and destroy healthy neighbouring tissues.
• They can only develop in skeletal muscles.

Measles is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. In 2015, a national campaign was launched to immunise children against measles. Scientists monitored the rate of measles infections per 100,000 citizens in the years following.

Table 1 shows the data.

What does Table 1 show about the rate of confirmed measles cases from 2014 to 2020?

Suggest a reason for the trend you described in Question 5.

Which type of blood cell is responsible for producing antibodies in response to vaccination?

Tick ($✓$) one box.

• Red blood cells [ ]
• Platelets [ ]
• White blood cells [ ]

Suggest one reason why some parents might refuse to allow their children to receive the measles vaccine. Do not refer to the pain of the injection in your answer.