What name is given to the specialized proteins produced by white blood cells that bind specifically to foreign antigens on pathogens?

Tick ($✓$) one box.

• Antigens [ ]
• Antitoxins [ ]
• Antibodies [ ]

The human body has non-specific defences to prevent pathogens from entering or causing harm. Draw a line from each defence to the body part or component that provides it.

• Defence:
  • $A$: Acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances to kill microbes.
  • $B$: Fragments of cells that clump together to clot blood and seal wounds.
• Body Part / Component:
  • Skin
  • Red blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Stomach

Complete the sentence by choosing the correct word from the options: benign, malignant, metastatic.

"A tumour that is cancerous, invades surrounding healthy tissues, and can spread to other organs via the blood to form secondary tumours is described as a ____________ tumour."

Benign tumours are non-cancerous. Which two statements describe benign tumours?

Tick ($✓$) two boxes.

• They are non-cancerous.
• Their cells can easily split off and travel in the blood to form secondary tumours.
• They are usually contained within a membrane and do not invade other tissues.
• They always grow rapidly and destroy neighbouring organs.
• They only occur in the liver.

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious bacterial disease. In 2012, a new vaccination campaign was introduced for pregnant women and infants. Health authorities monitored the rate of pertussis infections per 100,000 people in the years following.

Table 1 shows the data.

What does Table 1 show about the rate of confirmed pertussis cases from 2011 to 2017?

Suggest a reason for the trend you described in Question 5.

Which specific type of white blood cell is responsible for producing antibodies in response to vaccination?

Tick ($✓$) one box.

• Phagocytes [ ]
• Lymphocytes [ ]
• Platelets [ ]

Suggest one reason why some parents might refuse to allow their children to receive the pertussis vaccine. Do not refer to the pain of the injection in your answer.