The Mekong Delta region in Vietnam has seen a rapid expansion of intensive shrimp aquaculture. Much of the untreated saline wastewater and chemical residue from these shrimp ponds is discharged directly into local freshwater channels. This has resulted in the salinization of surrounding agricultural land and a significant decline in crop yields for nearby rice farmers.
The impact of the shrimp farming industry on local rice farmers is an example of:
private benefits
external benefits
private costs
external costs
