A satellite-based orbital debris tracking network broadcasts open-access, real-time collision warnings to all active spacecraft. Economists classify this broadcast signal as a pure public good. Which of the following best explains this classification?
The tracking network is funded entirely by international public-sector grants rather than private aerospace consortia.
The signal is non-rivalrous in consumption, meaning one operator's retrieval of the warning does not reduce its availability to others, and it is non-excludable.
The high capital costs and risk of launching tracking satellites create massive barriers to entry, resulting in a natural monopoly.
The tracking system generates substantial positive spillover benefits for global telecommunications and satellite imaging firms.
