Which of the following structural changes is most likely to cause a leftward shift in an economy's long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve?
A sustained decline in the net migration of highly skilled technical and professional workers
A temporary increase in the market price of imported primary energy inputs
An increase in the statutory retirement age that delays retirement for older workers
A targeted government subsidy scheme that lowers the capital costs of commercial research and development (R&D)
222 exam-style questions on AQA A Level Economics 2.2 How the macroeconomy works: the circular flow of income, aggregate demand/aggregate supply analysis and related concepts, covering 2.2.1 The circular flow of income, 2.2.2 Aggregate demand and aggregate supply analysis, 2.2.3 The determinants of aggregate demand, 2.2.4 Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity, 2.2.5 Determinants of short-run aggregate supply, and 2.2.6 Determinants of long-run aggregate supply. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.