What Is Cell Differentiation? GCSE Biology

Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for a particular function. During differentiation, a cell develops the sub-cellular structures it needs to perform its role effectively.

This is common content for both Foundation and Higher tiers in AQA GCSE Biology. It is also shared with Combined Science, although this explanation assumes the separate Biology course.

How does differentiation happen?

At first, the cells in a developing organism are unspecialised. As the organism develops, cells differentiate into different cell types. They may change their shape and develop different numbers or types of sub-cellular structures.

For example, a muscle cell develops many mitochondria. Mitochondria are the structures where aerobic respiration occurs, transferring the energy needed for muscle contraction.

Once a cell has differentiated, it is called a specialised cell.

Differentiation in animals and plants

Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage of development. In mature animals, cell division is mainly used for growth, repair and replacement. Some adult stem cells, such as those in bone marrow, can still differentiate into particular types of cell.

Many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout the plant’s life. This happens particularly in meristem tissue, which is found at the growing tips of roots and shoots. Meristem cells can differentiate into any type of plant cell.

Worked example

A root hair cell is specialised to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil. During differentiation, it develops a long projection that provides a large surface area. This makes absorption more efficient.

Common exam mistake

Do not confuse differentiation with cell division. Cell division produces new cells, while differentiation changes an unspecialised cell into a specialised cell. A strong answer should mention both the cell’s changed structures and its particular function.