In an oak woodland ecosystem, researchers are monitoring the impact of selective coppicing on energy flow. They measure the following annual energy values for the primary producers (oak trees) and primary consumers (caterpillars):
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPPGPPGPP) of oak trees: 3.6×104 kJ m−2 yr−13.6 \times 10^4 \text{ kJ m}^{-2}\text{ yr}^{-1}3.6×104 kJ m−2 yr−1
- Respiration rate (RpR_pRp) of oak trees: 2.0×104 kJ m−2 yr−12.0 \times 10^4 \text{ kJ m}^{-2}\text{ yr}^{-1}2.0×104 kJ m−2 yr−1
- Energy ingested by caterpillars (III): 2.4×103 kJ m−2 yr−12.4 \times 10^3 \text{ kJ m}^{-2}\text{ yr}^{-1}2.4×103 kJ m−2 yr−1
- Energy lost by caterpillars in faeces and urine (FFF): 1.3×103 kJ m−2 yr−11.3 \times 10^3 \text{ kJ m}^{-2}\text{ yr}^{-1}1.3×103 kJ m−2 yr−1
- Respiration rate (RcR_cRc) of caterpillars: 7.8×102 kJ m−2 yr−17.8 \times 10^2 \text{ kJ m}^{-2}\text{ yr}^{-1}7.8×102 kJ m−2 yr−1
Calculate the percentage efficiency of energy transfer from the net primary productivity (NPPNPPNPP) of the oak trees to the net secondary productivity of the caterpillars.
