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3a:T965,- Outlines the genetic explanation for schizophrenia, noting it is polygenic and referencing research such as twin studies showing concordance rates of approximately 48% for monozygotic (MZ) twins and 17% for dizygotic (DZ) twins B1 - Outlines family dysfunction explanations, such as the schizophrenogenic mother (characterised by a cold, rejecting, and dominant mother and passive father) or double-bind theory (conflicting messages) B1 - Explains the Expressed Emotion (EE) concept, characterised by high levels of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement from carers B1 - Identifies another valid detail of genetic/biological or psychological explanations (e.g., candidate genes like COMT or DRD4) B1 - Applies genetics to Maya: Her fraternal (dizygotic) twin sister has schizophrenia, meaning they share approximately 50% of their DNA, giving Maya a significantly higher genetic risk (approx. 10% to 17%) compared to the general population (1%) B1 - Applies Expressed Emotion / Schizophrenogenic Mother to Maya: Her father's frequent criticism represents hostility/criticism, and her mother being cold yet over-protective represents high emotional over-involvement/schizophrenogenic characteristics B1 - Applies environmental triggers to Maya: Failing her exams, losing her job, and moving back into a high-stress domestic environment serve as triggers/stressors B1 - Applies the interactionist (diathesis-stress) model: Maya's genetic vulnerability (diathesis) is activated by these life stressors (stress) B1 - Evaluates biological/genetic explanations, highlighting supporting empirical evidence (e.g., Gottesman's twin study) but noting the limitation of biological reductionism as concordance rates are not 100% B1 - Evaluates family dysfunction explanations, noting positive practical applications such as family therapy reducing Expressed Emotion and relapse rates B1 - Discusses limitations of family dysfunction, such as reliance on retrospective self-report (subject to distortion by the illness) and social sensitivity (parent-blaming) B1 - Evaluates the explanations by advocating for an interactionist approach, which provides a more holistic and complete account of schizophrenia development B13b:Tb7d,- Outlines the role of **family dysfunction**, identifying the schizophrenogenic mother, double-bind theory, or expressed emotion (EE) B1 - Describes the **schizophrenogenic mother** (Fromm-Reichmann) as cold, rejecting, and controlling, creating tension/secrecy that leads to distrust and paranoid delusions B1 - Describes **double-bind theory** (Bateson et al.) where children receive contradictory messages, causing a warped view of reality and disorganized thinking B1 - Describes **Expressed Emotion (EE)** as containing negative components: verbal criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement from carers B1 - Explains how high EE acts as a major psychological stressor that triggers relapse in recovering patients B1 - Outlines **cognitive explanations** (Frith et al.) as centering on dysfunctional thought processing and reduced cognitive capacity B1 - Describes **metarepresentation dysfunction** as the inability to identify thoughts/actions as one's own, explaining auditory hallucinations B1 - Describes **central control dysfunction** as the inability to suppress automatic thoughts and speech, explaining speech poverty and derailment B1 - Identifies Stirling et al. (2006) as research support, demonstrating patients took significantly longer on the Stroop Test C1 - Explains how Stirling's findings support central control deficits by showing a failure to suppress automatic responses C1 - Cites Read et al. (2005) as evidence for family dysfunction, showing a high rate of physical or sexual abuse in childhood among patients C1 - Evaluates the methodological flaw of family dysfunction research relying on retrospective, subjective memories of psychotic patients C1 - Evaluates the ethical implications of family theories, particularly historical parent-blaming (e.g., blaming mothers for schizophrenia) C1 - Evaluates the practical application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) as validation for the cognitive model C1 - Evaluates how the success of Family Therapy in preventing relapse supports family dysfunction explanations C1 - Compares psychological explanations to biological explanations (such as genetics or dopamine hypothesis) C1 - Discusses how psychological factors are best understood within an **interactionist (diathesis-stress) model** C1 - Argues that biological vulnerability (diathesis) and psychological stress (stressor) interact to produce schizophrenia C1 - Demonstrates excellent written communication with clear, logical transitions between descriptive points and evaluative arguments C1 - Employs precise, accurate psychological terminology throughout the response C13c:T9c6,- Defines the 'schizophrenogenic mother' (Fromm-Reichmann) as cold, rejecting, and controlling, creating a climate of tension and secrecy. B1 - Explains how the schizophrenogenic mother leads to distrust and paranoid delusions in the child. B1 - Explains Double-Bind Theory (Bateson), where the child receives contradictory, conflicting verbal and non-verbal messages. B1 - Explains how double-bind leads to a confused understanding of reality, resulting in symptoms like disorganised thinking. B1 - Defines Expressed Emotion (EE) as the level of emotion expressed towards a patient by their carers/family. B1 - Identifies the three main elements of EE: high levels of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement (which can trigger relapse or onset). B1 - Connects Marcus's mother demanding affection but pulling away and calling him "cold" to Double-Bind communication (contradictory messages). M1 - Connects Marcus describing his mother as "cold, dominant, and highly secretive" to Fromm-Reichmann's concept of the Schizophrenogenic Mother. M1 - Connects Marcus's father shouting at him for "wasting his life" to the high criticism and hostility components of Expressed Emotion (EE). M1 - Connects Marcus's sister monitoring his messages, managing his calendar, and talking about his flaws to emotional over-involvement in Expressed Emotion (EE). M1 - Evaluates with research support (e.g., Read et al., 2005; Tienari et al., 2004) showing a link between family stress/abuse and schizophrenia. A1 - Evaluates methodological issues: retrospective data collection (patients recalling their childhood may have distorted memories due to their condition). A1 - Evaluates the correlation vs causation issue (family dysfunction may be a consequence of coping with a child with schizophrenia, rather than the cause). A1 - Discusses ethical issues: parent-blaming (especially placing undue blame on mothers, which can cause severe guilt and distress). A1 - Evaluates by contrasting with biological explanations (e.g., genetics, dopamine hypothesis) or suggesting a diathesis-stress model interaction. A1 - Concludes on the usefulness of family therapies (such as reducing EE in households to lower relapse rates), providing practical support for the theory. 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Psychological explanations for schizophrenia

Question 2

Psychological explanations for schizophrenia Questions

Psychological explanations for schizophrenia

Question 2

Psychological explanations for schizophrenia Questions