Item A

Evelyn and Marcus are primary school teachers discussing their approaches to helping children learn.

• Evelyn: "I encourage children to explore materials independently. When they encounter problems and their current ideas fail, they resolve the confusion themselves and build new understanding."
• Marcus: "I focus on providing structured advice that we reduce as the pupil gains confidence. Grouping pupils so those who are more advanced can assist classmates works wonders."

Refer to Item A. Use your knowledge of theories of cognitive development to explain the comments made by Evelyn and Marcus.