Cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating from deep space, consisting primarily of protons and other light atomic nuclei.

Table 1 shows the physical data for one specific cosmic ray nucleus, X.

Table 1

Property	Value
Mass / $kg\text{kg}$	3.17 × 10^-26
Specific charge / $kg−1\text{C kg}^{-1}$	4.54 × 10⁷
Kinetic energy / $MeV\text{MeV}$	180

Determine the number of neutrons in nucleus X.

Calculate the speed of nucleus X. Ignore relativistic effects.

When cosmic rays collide with particles in the upper atmosphere, positive pions ( $π+\pi^+$ ) and positive kaons ( $K^+$ ) are produced.

The $π+\pi^+$ decays to produce a positive muon ( $μ+\mu^+$ ) and a muon neutrino ( $νμ\nu_\mu$ ). Show how the conservation laws apply to this decay.

The $K^+$ decays to produce a positive muon ( $μ+\mu^+$ ) and a muon neutrino ( $νμ\nu_\mu$ ). Explain how strangeness applies in this decay.

Write an equation for a $K^+$ decay that involves only hadrons.

Cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating from deep space, consisting primarily of protons and other light atomic nuclei.

Table 1 shows the physical data for one specific cosmic ray nucleus, X.

Table 1

Property	Value
Mass / $kg\text{kg}$	3.17 × 10^-26
Specific charge / $kg−1\text{C kg}^{-1}$	4.54 × 10⁷
Kinetic energy / $MeV\text{MeV}$	180

Determine the number of neutrons in nucleus X.

Calculate the speed of nucleus X. Ignore relativistic effects.

When cosmic rays collide with particles in the upper atmosphere, positive pions ( $π+\pi^+$ ) and positive kaons ( $K^+$ ) are produced.

The $π+\pi^+$ decays to produce a positive muon ( $μ+\mu^+$ ) and a muon neutrino ( $νμ\nu_\mu$ ). Show how the conservation laws apply to this decay.

The $K^+$ decays to produce a positive muon ( $μ+\mu^+$ ) and a muon neutrino ( $νμ\nu_\mu$ ). Explain how strangeness applies in this decay.

Write an equation for a $K^+$ decay that involves only hadrons.

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