In late 2023, Germany's federal employment agency reported a stable overall unemployment rate of 5.7%, despite a profound structural transformation driven by the Energiewende (green energy transition) and rapid digitalization in the automotive sector. While heavy industrial regions faced rising job losses, there was an unprecedented volume of vacancies in software development, heat pump installation, and renewable energy grid management. Concurrently, many skilled professionals were voluntarily resigning to search for modern, hybrid-working arrangements that offer better work-life balance.
Explain the causes of structural and frictional unemployment.
327 exam-style questions on AQA A Level Economics 2.3 Economic performance, covering 2.3.1 Economic growth and the economic cycle, 2.3.2 Employment and unemployment, 2.3.3 Inflation and deflation, and 2.3.4 Possible conflicts between macroeconomic policy objectives. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.