An engineer is calibrating a liquid-in-glass thermometer to establish a Celsius (∘C^\circ\text{C}∘C) temperature scale.
Which pair of standard physical temperatures under standard atmospheric pressure should be used to define the lower and upper fixed points?
Lower fixed point: Temperature of freezing alcohol; Upper fixed point: Temperature of boiling alcohol
Lower fixed point: Temperature of pure melting ice; Upper fixed point: Temperature of steam above pure boiling water
Lower fixed point: Temperature of freezing mercury; Upper fixed point: Temperature of steam above pure boiling water
Lower fixed point: Temperature of pure melting ice; Upper fixed point: Temperature of boiling alcohol
528 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.2 Thermal properties and temperature, covering 2.2.1 Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, 2.2.2a Internal energy and temperature, 2.2.2b Specific heat capacity, 2.2.3a Melting, boiling, condensation and solidification, 2.2.3b Evaporation, and 2.2.3c Cooling by evaporation. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.