Sucrose contains the sugar $C_{12}{H}_{22}{O}_{11}$. In the presence of an acid catalyst, water reacts with sucrose to produce two isomeric sugars, glucose and fructose, both with the formula $C_6{H}_{12}{O}_6$. Write a chemical equation for this hydrolytic reaction.

Yeast is added to ferment the resulting glucose/fructose mixture into ethanol:

Describe how you would determine experimentally when the fermentation reaction has completed.

State how the yeast, which is insoluble, can be separated from the aqueous ethanol mixture.

Ethanol can be converted into chloroethene, ${CH}_2=CHCl$, via a three-stage synthetic route:

• Stage 1: Ethanol is dehydrated over a hot solid catalyst to form ethene, ${CH}_2={CH}_2$.
• Stage 2: Ethene is reacted with an elemental halogen to form 1,2-dichloroethane, ${CH}_2{ClCH}_{2}Cl$.
• Stage 3: 1,2-dichloroethane is thermally cracked to produce chloroethene and hydrogen chloride.

Explain why the conversion in Stage 1 is classified as a dehydration reaction.

Name a suitable catalyst that can be used for the reaction in Stage 1.

Give the formula of the reagent required to react with ethene in Stage 2.

Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in Stage 3.

Chloroethene can undergo addition polymerisation to form the synthetic polymer poly(chloroethene) (commonly known as PVC). A section of a poly(chloroethene) chain is represented below:

Draw the displayed formula of a single chloroethene monomer.

Describe, in terms of structure and bonding, what occurs when chloroethene molecules react to form poly(chloroethene).