An engineer investigated the cooling of a specialized heat-transfer fluid inside two different containment vessels, Container A and Container B. The mass of the fluid in each vessel was 0.45 kg0.45\text{ kg}0.45 kg. The specific heat capacity of the fluid is 2300 J/kg ∘C2300\text{ J/kg }^\circ\text{C}2300 J/kg ∘C.
The table below shows the temperature of the fluid at 3-minute intervals:
| Time (minutes) | Temperature in Container A (∘C^\circ\text{C}∘C) | Temperature in Container B (∘C^\circ\text{C}∘C) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 88.5 | 88.5 |
| 3 | 81.0 | 76.5 |
| 6 | 74.5 | 67.0 |
| 9 | 69.0 | 59.5 |
| 12 | 64.5 | 53.5 |
| 15 | 60.5 | 48.5 |
Determine the total change in thermal energy of the heat-transfer fluid over the 15-minute period when Container B was used. Use the equation: \
\text{change in thermal energy} = \text{mass} \times \text{specific heat capacity} \times \text{temperature change}{\char"24}$37 exam-style questions on AQA GCSE Physics 3.2 Internal energy and energy transfers, covering 3.2.1 Internal energy, 3.2.2 Temperature changes in a system and specific heat capacity, and 3.2.3 Changes of state and specific latent heat. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.