During the purification of a crude sample of benzoic acid (melting point 122∘C122^\circ\text{C}122∘C) via recrystallisation, a student performs the following sequential steps:
Which of the following experimental errors or modifications would result in a decreased yield of pure benzoic acid, without directly decreasing the purity of the collected crystals?
Washing the crystals in Step 5 with a large volume of hot water instead of a small volume of ice-cold water.
Skipping Step 2 (hot filtration) when insoluble sand is present in the crude sample.
Plunging the hot filtrate directly into an ice bath in Step 3, skipping the slow cooling stage.
Failing to dry the crystals fully in Step 6 before weighing them.
107 exam-style questions on Edexcel GCSE Chemistry 3.2 Methods of separating and purifying substances, covering 3.2.1 Pure substances and mixtures, 3.2.2 Techniques for separating mixtures, 3.2.3 Paper chromatography and Rf values, and 3.2.4 Making water potable. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.