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3b:T418,- Identifies a first relevant improvement (e.g. obtaining prior general consent from a hospital board, standardising pseudo-patient profiles, or establishing an objective rating scale) B1 - Outlines how this first improvement would be practically implemented in the study M1 - Explains why this is an improvement, linking it clearly to psychological concepts (e.g. reducing ethical issues like deception, enhancing internal validity by controlling participant variables, or improving reliability) A1 - Identifies a second, distinct relevant improvement (e.g. using a control group of hospitals that received no warning, or employing independent double-blind observers to verify ratings) B1 - Outlines how this second improvement would be practically implemented in the study M1 - Explains why this is an improvement, linking it clearly to psychological concepts (e.g. controlling for expectancy effects/demand characteristics, or minimising observer bias) A13c:T758,- Outlines that the aim of Rosenhan (1973) was to test whether the sane could be distinguished from the insane, challenging the validity of psychiatric diagnosis under the DSM-II B1 - Describes the methodology: a field experiment/participant observation where 8 pseudo-patients gained admission to 12 hospitals by faking a single auditory hallucination ('empty', 'hollow', 'thud') B1 - Identifies the key findings: all pseudo-patients were admitted, and all but one were discharged with a diagnosis of 'schizophrenia in remission' after an average stay of 19 days B1 - Explains how normal behaviours, such as writing notes, were pathologised and interpreted through the lens of their diagnostic label B1 - Describes the follow-up study where a warned hospital staff suspected 41 genuine patients of being pseudo-patients, demonstrating the instability of psychiatric judgment B1 - Assesses how the study challenged the medical model, providing empirical support for the anti-psychiatry movement by framing mental illness as a social construct M1 - Discusses how the research drove diagnostic reform by exposing the flaws of DSM-II, leading directly to more operationalised, specific criteria in DSM-III and subsequent revisions A1 - Evaluates the impact of labeling, illustrating how psychiatric labels stick and lead to institutional depersonalisation and powerlessness M1 - Discusses methodological strengths (high ecological validity) and ethical limitations (deception and diversion of resources) of the study's contribution A1 - Evaluates the temporal validity, noting that modern diagnostic systems (DSM-5, ICD-11) have evolved significantly since 1973, making the specific findings less representative of modern practice C13d:T82d,- Identifies the aim of Rosenhan (1973) to test whether the sane can be distinguished from the insane, challenging the validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnosis B1 - Outlines the methodology of pseudo-patients (8 sane individuals) attempting admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals by reporting a single auditory hallucination ("empty", "hollow", "thud") B1 - Describes findings: all pseudo-patients were admitted and, except for one, diagnosed with schizophrenia and subsequently discharged with the label 'schizophrenia in remission' B1 - Explains how normal patient behaviours (such as queueing early for lunch or writing notes) were pathologised and interpreted through the lens of their diagnosis B1 - References the secondary/follow-up study where staff at a teaching hospital, warned that pseudo-patients would seek admission, falsely suspected 41 genuine patients of being impostors B1 - Evaluates how the findings challenged the dominant historical medical model, providing empirical weight to the anti-psychiatry movement's claim that mental illness is a social construct C1 - Explains the historical contribution to diagnostic reform, showing how the demonstrated unreliability of DSM-II led directly to the development of highly specific, operationalised behavioural criteria in DSM-III C1 - Discusses the impact of labelling highlighted by the study, focusing on the powerlessness, depersonalisation, and lasting social stigma experienced by institutionalised individuals C1 - Evaluates methodological strengths of the research, such as its high ecological validity and use of participant observation, which made its challenge to the psychiatric establishment highly credible C1 - Discusses counter-arguments or limitations to its historical weight, such as the ethical issues surrounding deception, or how modern diagnostic standards (e.g., DSM-5) limit the temporal validity of the study's specific criticisms 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The historical context of mental health

Question 5

The historical context of mental health Questions

The historical context of mental health

Question 5

The historical context of mental health Questions