Beatrice conducted an observational study to investigate whether the type of reinforcement a child observed affected the type of behavior they imitated. She recorded whether children imitated prosocial behavior or neutral behavior after receiving either praise or a reprimand.
Table 1 shows the observed frequencies of Beatrice's study.
Table 1: Observed frequencies of imitated behaviors
| Type of Reinforcement | Prosocial Behavior | Neutral Behavior |
|---|---|---|
| Praise | 14 | 6 |
| Reprimand | 8 | 12 |
Complete Table 2 to calculate the chi-squared (χ2\chi^2χ2) statistic for Beatrice's observation. You must show your calculations and give your final answer to two decimal places.
Table 2: Chi-squared calculation table
| Reinforcement | Imitated Behavior | Observed (OOO) | Expected (EEE) | O−EO-EO−E | (O−E)2(O-E)^2(O−E)2 | (O−E)2E\displaystyle \frac{(O-E)^2}{E}E(O−E)2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Praise | Prosocial | 14 | 11.00 | |||
| Neutral | 6 | 9.00 | ||||
| Reprimand | Prosocial | 8 | 11.00 | |||
| Neutral | 12 | 9.00 | ||||
| Chi-squared (χ2\chi^2χ2) = |
36 exam-style questions on Edexcel A Level Psychology Research methods and skills, covering Research methods and skills. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.