expectations shape how we encode and retrieve information) B1\n- Links the two together: explains that because participants had an active 'doctor's surgery schema', typical items were easier to reconstruct and recall, whereas schema-inconsistent (atypical) items did not fit this cognitive framework, resulting in lower recall B1","marks":3,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null},{"id":"060c1af6-7735-4df0-a6de-68f639914ba7","revisionId":"dd27b99a-f027-48a2-8fc7-3d1697397e96","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"Marcus has severe cynophobia (fear of dogs).","difficulty":3,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":3,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"a2983bab-71f3-46b7-ace1-877a85c88181","label":null,"content":"Describe how one therapy based on classical conditioning could be used to help Marcus overcome his phobia.","markscheme":"- Identifies a relevant therapy based on classical conditioning (Systematic Desensitisation or Flooding) applied to Marcus/dogs B1\n- Describes the initial steps of the chosen procedure (e.g., relaxation training and creating an anxiety hierarchy for systematic desensitisation, or immediate, inescapable exposure to dogs for flooding) B1\n- Explains the final stage or mechanism of the therapy (e.g., gradual movement up the hierarchy until reciprocal inhibition occurs, or prolonged exposure leading to exhaustion and extinction of the fear response) B1","marks":3,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"systematic_desensitisation","label":"Systematic desensitisation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Name the therapy","content":"Use **systematic desensitisation**: a classical-conditioning therapy that replaces Marcus's fear response to dogs with relaxation. Identifying this relevant therapy and applying it to Marcus and dogs earns the first **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Marcus has severe cynophobia (fear of dogs).","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Prepare gradual exposure","content":"First, Marcus learns a relaxation technique. He then makes an **anxiety hierarchy**: an ordered list of dog-related situations from least to most frightening, such as seeing a picture of a dog up to being near a dog. These combined initial steps earn the second **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Describe how one therapy based on classical conditioning could be used to help Marcus overcome his phobia.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Move up gradually","content":"Marcus practises relaxation while facing the least frightening situation, then moves up the hierarchy only when he is calm at each stage. Eventually, relaxation prevents fear: this is **reciprocal inhibition**, and explaining this final stage earns the third **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"overcome his phobia","location":"specification"}]}]},{"id":"flooding","label":"Flooding","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Name the therapy","content":"Use **flooding**: a classical-conditioning therapy in which Marcus is exposed to the thing he fears, dogs. Identifying this relevant therapy and applying it to Marcus and dogs earns the first **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Marcus has severe cynophobia (fear of dogs).","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Expose Marcus immediately","content":"Marcus is placed immediately with a dog in a safe, controlled setting and is unable to avoid the situation. This initial, inescapable exposure to dogs earns the second **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Describe how one therapy based on classical conditioning could be used to help Marcus overcome his phobia.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Explain fear reduction","content":"The exposure continues for long enough that Marcus's anxiety falls through **exhaustion**. With no harmful outcome, the learned fear response

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Question 15

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Question 15

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