Which of the following rows correctly identifies both an observation and the valid deduction that can be made from it?
Observation: Most alpha particles pass through with negligible deflection. | Deduction: The nucleus of the atom is extremely dense.
Observation: A small proportion of alpha particles are deflected through angles greater than 90∘90^\circ90∘. | Deduction: The nucleus of the atom has a positive charge and contains most of the atom's mass.
Observation: Some alpha particles are deflected through large angles. | Deduction: The nuclear radius is larger than the atomic radius.
Observation: No alpha particles are deflected by exactly 180∘180^\circ180∘. | Deduction: The alpha particles and the nucleus have opposite charges.
