Over the past three decades, Vietnam has transitioned from one of the world's poorest nations to a dynamic lower-middle-income economy, with real GDP growth averaging approximately 6.5% annually. This rapid industrialisation has been heavily reliant on energy-intensive manufacturing and coal-fired power. In response to mounting environmental pressures and climate vulnerability, the Vietnamese government launched its National Green Growth Strategy, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity and accelerate the transition to a circular, low-carbon economy.