On the other hand, the long-term fiscal commitment required for major renewable projects in several East Asian Economic Zone (EAEZ) territories has raised concerns regarding national debt burdens. Critics argue that public borrowing to finance green grids could drive up long-term bond yields, potentially leading to 'crowding-out' of private investments and requiring future fiscal consolidation. In Malaysia, for example, corporate tax adjustments are being considered alongside reductions in fossil-fuel subsidies to balance the fiscal accounts.
Yet, evaluating this green fiscal stimulus involves comparing current performance with a counterfactual scenario of inaction. Proponents of the Green Transition Fund argue that targeted public-sector capital investment 'can trigger a compounding expansion of national income through the multiplier effect.' It is widely acknowledged that during periods of sluggish private demand, public capital investment serves to restore business confidence and generate structural employment across member nations.
However, if the productive capacity of these economies cannot expand at the same pace as demand, there is a risk of cost-push inflation. In such a scenario, central banks in the EAEZ may have to transition rapidly toward tighter monetary policy.
Extract B argues that public-sector capital investment "can trigger a compounding expansion of national income through the multiplier effect."
Explain 'the multiplier effect' and analyse its possible impact on an economy's unemployment and economic growth.
222 exam-style questions on AQA A Level Economics 2.2 How the macroeconomy works: the circular flow of income, aggregate demand/aggregate supply analysis and related concepts, covering 2.2.1 The circular flow of income, 2.2.2 Aggregate demand and aggregate supply analysis, 2.2.3 The determinants of aggregate demand, 2.2.4 Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity, 2.2.5 Determinants of short-run aggregate supply, and 2.2.6 Determinants of long-run aggregate supply. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.