When the capsule is moving, which of the following sequences represents the typical energy transfers occurring in its power system?

• A electrical $\to$ chemical $\to$ kinetic
• B chemical $\to$ electrical $\to$ kinetic
• C chemical $\to$ kinetic $\to$ electrical
• D kinetic $\to$ electrical $\to$ chemical

During a portion of its journey, the capsule travels horizontally along the ice surface at a constant velocity of $16m/s$.

State the equation linking kinetic energy ($KE$), mass ($m$), and velocity ($v$).

Calculate the kinetic energy of the capsule when traveling at this speed.

The capsule must then climb vertically up an access shaft to the surface, a height of $400m$.

State the equation linking gravitational potential energy ($GPE$), mass ($m$), gravitational field strength ($g$), and height ($h$).

Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the capsule when it reaches the surface.

The capsule's main electric motor has a maximum output power of $18kW$. To complete the emergency ascent in a target time of $2.0minutes$, the capsule is equipped with a secondary backup power pack. Show, by calculation, that the capsule requires this backup pack to complete the climb in this time.

The battery pack consists of individual lithium-ion cells connected in series. The voltage across each cell is $3.6V$, and the maximum current drawn from each cell is $4.5A$. Show that there must be more than 1100 cells in the battery pack to achieve a maximum total power output of $18kW$.