A student calibrates a liquid-in-glass thermometer to establish a standard Celsius (∘C^\circ\text{C}∘C) scale.
Which physical transitions under standard atmospheric pressure are chosen to define the lower fixed point and the upper fixed point of this scale?
Lower: melting point of pure ice; Upper: boiling point of pure water
Lower: freezing point of mercury; Upper: boiling point of pure water
Lower: melting point of pure ice; Upper: boiling point of liquid nitrogen
Lower: freezing point of pure water; Upper: boiling point of mercury
528 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.2 Thermal properties and temperature, covering 2.2.1 Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, 2.2.2a Internal energy and temperature, 2.2.2b Specific heat capacity, 2.2.3a Melting, boiling, condensation and solidification, 2.2.3b Evaporation, and 2.2.3c Cooling by evaporation. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.