To calibrate a liquid-in-glass thermometer representing the Celsius scale (∘C^\circ\text{C}∘C), a student needs to determine two reference temperatures (fixed points). Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the lower fixed point and the upper fixed point at standard atmospheric pressure?
Lower fixed point: melting pure ice (0∘C0^\circ\text{C}0∘C); Upper fixed point: boiling pure mercury (357∘C357^\circ\text{C}357∘C)
Lower fixed point: melting pure ice (0∘C0^\circ\text{C}0∘C); Upper fixed point: steam from boiling pure water (100∘C100^\circ\text{C}100∘C)
Lower fixed point: freezing pure mercury (−39∘C-39^\circ\text{C}−39∘C); Upper fixed point: steam from boiling pure water (100∘C100^\circ\text{C}100∘C)
Lower fixed point: absolute zero (−273∘C-273^\circ\text{C}−273∘C); Upper fixed point: steam from boiling pure water (100∘C100^\circ\text{C}100∘C)
313 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.2.3a Melting, boiling, condensation and solidification. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.