The Contact process is used in the industrial manufacture of sulfuric acid.
Which raw material is the standard industrial source of the oxygen used in this process?
Gases used and produced in these chemical industries undergo several reversible reactions.
Reaction 1:
2SO2(g)+O2(g)⇌2SO3(g)ΔH=−197 kJ mol−1 2\text{SO}_2(\text{g}) + \text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{SO}_3(\text{g}) \quad \Delta H = -197 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1} 2SO2(g)+O2(g)⇌2SO3(g)ΔH=−197 kJ mol−1Reaction 2:
CO2(g)+H2(g)⇌CO(g)+H2O(g)ΔH=+41 kJ mol−1 \text{CO}_2(\text{g}) + \text{H}_2(\text{g}) \rightleftharpoons \text{CO}(\text{g}) + \text{H}_2\text{O}(\text{g}) \quad \Delta H = +41 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1} CO2(g)+H2(g)⇌CO(g)+H2O(g)ΔH=+41 kJ mol−1Predict what will happen to the equilibrium position in Reaction 1 when the pressure is increased. Give a reason for your prediction. Prediction: Reason:
Predict what will happen to the equilibrium position in Reaction 2 when the temperature is increased. Give a reason for your prediction. Prediction: Reason:
Predict what will happen to the rate of Reaction 1 when the pressure and temperature are increased. Effect of increased pressure: Effect of increased temperature:
Some of the ammonia produced industrially is reacted to form other nitrogen-rich fertilizers, such as urea.
The equation for the formation of urea is:
2NH3+CO2→(NH2)2CO+H2O 2\text{NH}_3 + \text{CO}_2 \rightarrow (\text{NH}_2)_2\text{CO} + \text{H}_2\text{O} 2NH3+CO2→(NH2)2CO+H2OA manufacturer makes a batch of 90 kg90\text{ kg}90 kg of urea.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of (NH2)2CO(\text{NH}_2)_2\text{CO}(NH2)2CO in 90 kg90\text{ kg}90 kg of urea. Amount of (NH2)2CO(\text{NH}_2)_2\text{CO}(NH2)2CO: _________ mol\text{mol}mol
Deduce the amount, in moles, of ammonia needed to make this amount of urea. Amount of ammonia: _________ mol\text{mol}mol
Calculate the mass, in kg, of ammonia needed. Mass of ammonia: _________ kg\text{kg}kg
Multi-nutrient fertilizers are often labelled with an NPK rating. Suggest the names of two elements, other than nitrogen, represented by these letters that are essential for plant growth.
28 exam-style questions on Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry Reversible reactions and equilibria. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.