Ethanol can be made from crops like sugar cane.

The sugar-containing juice is extracted, and yeast is added.

The mixture is kept in anaerobic conditions at an optimum temperature.

(i) Name the process in which glucose from the sugar cane is converted into ethanol.

(ii) State why the process must be kept in anaerobic conditions (in the absence of oxygen).

Lawn fertilizer and moss killer mixtures often contain ammonium sulfate and iron(II) sulfate.

(i) State a test and the observation to show that the mixture contains ammonium ions.

test:

observation:

(ii) A sample of the moss killer is dissolved in water.

Describe separate tests to show that this solution contains iron(II) ions and sulfate ions.

test for iron(II) ions:

observation:

test for sulfate ions:

observation:

Ethanol can be manufactured industrially by the hydration of ethene using steam.

State the temperature used and name the catalyst.

temperature:

catalyst:

The equation for the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol can be represented using displayed formulae:

Draw on this

The table gives some average bond energies:

Use information from the table to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, for the hydration of ethene.