A student carries out a titration to determine the concentration of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH\text{NaOH}NaOH) solution. Using a volumetric pipette, 25.0 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm-3 nitric acid (HNO3\text{HNO}_3HNO3) is transferred to a conical flask. Phenolphthalein indicator is added to the flask. The NaOH\text{NaOH}NaOH solution is placed in a burette and titrated into the flask.
Which of the following correctly describes the colour change at the end point and the effect on the calculated concentration of NaOH\text{NaOH}NaOH if the student had rinsed the conical flask with the sodium hydroxide solution instead of distilled water before adding the acid?
Colour change: colourless to pink; effect: overestimated
Colour change: pink to colourless; effect: overestimated
Colour change: colourless to pink; effect: underestimated
Colour change: pink to colourless; effect: underestimated
39 exam-style questions on Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry Acids, alkalis and titrations. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.