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The positive nuclei remain fixed, so the movement of electrons creates the static charges."},{"text":"Protons are transferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are held inside atomic nuclei and do not move between rubbed insulators. The correct particle is electrons, which can transfer between materials."},{"text":"Neutrons are transferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons remain in atomic nuclei and are not transferred by rubbing. Electrons are the mobile particles responsible for charging insulating materials."},{"text":"Atoms are transferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"Whole atoms do not normally move between the materials during rubbing. The transferred particles are electrons, leaving one material with an imbalance of charge."}]},{"id":"5c7cec3e-3697-4d1c-b4e6-80ae7bd30d66","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What charge does a material gain when it gains electrons?","back":"It becomes negatively charged.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It becomes negatively charged.","correct":true,"explanation":"Electrons have negative charge, so gaining extra electrons gives the material more negative charge than positive charge overall."},{"text":"It becomes positively charged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gaining electrons adds negative charge rather than positive charge. The material becomes negatively charged; losing electrons would make it positive."},{"text":"It becomes uncharged.","correct":false,"explanation":"An object is uncharged only when its positive and negative charges balance. Gaining electrons creates an excess of negative charge."},{"text":"It becomes neutrally charged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrality means equal amounts of positive and negative charge. Extra electrons upset that balance, so the material becomes negatively charged."}]},{"id":"bfa9ec5e-d4ca-453a-990d-9eac5a3754c7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does losing electrons make an object positively charged?","back":"It leaves more positive charges than electrons overall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It leaves more positive charges than electrons overall.","correct":true,"explanation":"Removing negative electrons leaves the positive charges in the material in excess, so the object has an overall positive charge."},{"text":"It leaves more electrons than positive charges overall.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of losing electrons. Losing negative particles leaves more positive charges than electrons, producing a positive overall charge."},{"text":"It leaves equal positive charges and electrons overall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal positive and negative charges would make the object neutral. Losing electrons removes negative charge and creates an excess of positive charge."},{"text":"It leaves fewer positive charges than electrons overall.","correct":false,"explanation":"The positive charges remain while electrons are removed, so there cannot be fewer positive charges than electrons. The correct imbalance is more positive charges."}]},{"id":"33d2ebbf-9a76-4ab2-a2b9-5ecd9166f739","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does charge build up on rubbed insulators?","back":"The transferred electrons cannot flow away easily through the insulators.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The transferred electrons cannot flow away easily through the insulators.","correct":true,"explanation":"Insulators do not allow electrons to move freely, so transferred electrons remain concentrated instead of flowing away. This produces a build-up of static charge."},{"text":"The transferred electrons flow away easily through the insulators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Easy electron flow would prevent charge building up. Insulators hold transferred electrons in place because electrons cannot flow away easily through them."},{"text":"The transferred protons cannot flow away easily through the insulators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are not transferred during rubbing and remain in nuclei. Static charge builds because transferred electrons cannot flow away easily through an insulator."},{"text":"The transferred electrons are changed into positive charges inside the insulators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are not changed into positive charges. They remain electrons and build up because the insulating material prevents them flowing away easily."}]},{"id":"dc371a6e-47d8-4e3b-aca3-6baea6febb5c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the positive charges when insulators are rubbed together?","back":"The positive charges stay where they are; only electrons move.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The positive charges stay where they are; only electrons move.","correct":true,"explanation":"Positive charges are bound in atomic nuclei, so they remain fixed in the material. Electrons are the particles transferred during rubbing."},{"text":"The positive charges move between the materials; electrons stay fixed.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats positive charges as mobile. Positive nuclei stay in place, while electrons can move between the materials during rubbing."},{"text":"The positive charges disappear; only electrons move.","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive charges are not destroyed when materials are rubbed. They remain in the nuclei, while only electrons transfer between the materials."},{"text":"The positive charges and electrons both move equally.","correct":false,"explanation":"The positive nuclei are not free to move through the solid. Rubbing transfers electrons, while the positive charges stay where they are."}]},{"id":"40c27cdb-83a6-4f2c-bf86-d92dd3e7a60a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Are electrons created when two materials are rubbed together?","back":"No. Electrons are transferred from one material to the other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No. Electrons are transferred from one material to the other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rubbing redistributes existing electrons between materials. Electrons are transferred from one material to the other, so charge is conserved rather than created."},{"text":"No. Protons are transferred from one material to the other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Charge is not created, but protons do not transfer between rubbed insulators because they are fixed in nuclei. Electrons are transferred instead."},{"text":"Yes. New electrons are produced by friction between the materials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Friction does not create electrons. It transfers existing electrons from one material to the other, conserving the total charge."},{"text":"Yes. Positive charges are produced by friction between the materials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Friction does not produce positive charges. Losing or gaining existing electrons creates the imbalance, while the total charge remains conserved."}]},{"id":"94b5d139-c5b5-4ea3-90e7-5670b57eee66","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What charge relationship exists between the two rubbed materials if no charge leaks away?","back":"They gain equal and opposite charges.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They gain equal and opposite charges.","correct":true,"explanation":"Electrons transferred from one material to the other give one object an equal negative charge and the other an equal positive charge, provided none leaks away."},{"text":"They gain equal and identical charges.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transferred electrons make one object negative and the other positive. Their charges are equal in size but opposite in sign, not identical."},{"text":"They gain unequal and opposite charges.","correct":false,"explanation":"With no charge leakage, charge conservation means the amount gained by one material equals the amount lost by the other. The charges are equal and opposite."},{"text":"They gain equal neutral charges.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutral objects have no net charge, whereas electron transfer creates opposite charge imbalances. The two materials gain equal and opposite charges."}]},{"id":"01bdfa99-40d6-409b-b3c3-934aff367b0a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens when two objects have the same type of charge?","back":"They repel each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They repel each other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Objects carrying the same type of charge exert repulsive electrostatic forces on one another, so they move apart when free to move."},{"text":"They attract each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attraction occurs between opposite charges, not like charges. Objects with the same type of charge repel each other."},{"text":"They neutralise without moving each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Like charges do not neutralise one another because they do not have opposite signs. They repel, producing a force that can move the objects apart."},{"text":"They exchange protons with each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrostatic interaction between like charges is a force, not proton exchange. The objects repel each other because their charge types are the same."}]},{"id":"eade64a6-08b0-4778-935e-d61c1e0dc7aa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens when two objects have different types of charge?","back":"They attract each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They attract each other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Opposite charges exert forces towards one another. Therefore, objects with different types of charge attract each other."},{"text":"They repel each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repulsion occurs between charges of the same type. Different types of charge attract each other through the electrostatic force."},{"text":"They remain unaffected by each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Charged objects exert electrostatic forces even when separated. Opposite charges attract rather than remaining unaffected."},{"text":"They become equally charged without contact.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different charges attract, but they do not automatically become equally charged without a charge-transfer process. The immediate effect is electrostatic attraction."}]},{"id":"e67c97f2-c936-476a-b8ca-8dc381bed3d1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What observation shows that electrostatic force acts across a gap?","back":"A charged object moves when another charged object is brought nearby.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A charged object moves when another charged object is brought nearby.","correct":true,"explanation":"Movement without contact shows that a force acts across the gap. Bringing another charged object nearby can cause attraction or repulsion."},{"text":"A charged object moves only after another charged object touches it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement after contact does not demonstrate a non-contact force. Movement while the second charged object is merely nearby shows electrostatic force across a gap."},{"text":"A charged object remains still when another charged object is brought nearby.","correct":false,"explanation":"A nearby charged object can exert an electrostatic force and cause movement. Remaining still is not the observation that demonstrates action across a gap."},{"text":"A charged object loses all its charge when another charged object is nearby.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being nearby can cause attraction or repulsion, but it does not necessarily remove all charge. Movement across the gap is the relevant observation."}]},{"id":"a03af763-f24c-4a89-8452-33e560ed1d7e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is an electrostatic discharge?","back":"A sudden movement of charge between objects.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A sudden movement of charge between objects.","correct":true,"explanation":"An electrostatic discharge is a rapid transfer of charge between objects, often through air, which reduces the charge imbalance."},{"text":"A slow movement of heat between objects.","correct":false,"explanation":"A discharge concerns rapid movement of electric charge, not heat. The sudden charge transfer can produce a spark or small shock."},{"text":"A permanent creation of electrons within one object.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrostatic discharge transfers existing charge rather than creating electrons. It reduces a charge imbalance between objects."},{"text":"A steady movement of protons through an insulator.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons remain bound in nuclei and do not flow through insulators. A discharge is a sudden movement of charge, usually involving electrons."}]},{"id":"7db5b82e-a3ce-4bfe-b53b-cea252f27f43","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What produces a visible spark during an electrostatic discharge?","back":"Electrons suddenly jump through the air between charged objects.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Electrons suddenly jump through the air between charged objects.","correct":true,"explanation":"A sufficiently strong electric field can accelerate electrons through the air gap. Their sudden movement during discharge produces the visible spark."},{"text":"Protons suddenly jump through the air between charged objects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are heavy and bound in nuclei, so they do not jump through the air gap. Electrons move rapidly and produce the spark."},{"text":"Neutrons suddenly jump through the air between charged objects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons have no electric charge and are not driven across the gap by an electric field. Electrons produce the visible spark."},{"text":"Atoms suddenly disappear in the air between charged objects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atoms do not disappear to create a spark. Electrons move through the ionised air gap during the electrostatic discharge."}]},{"id":"87a0423b-2c58-4fd5-bd5e-2ad10cf36c35","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a spark reduce a build-up of static charge?","back":"The spark transfers electrons, reducing the charge build-up.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The spark transfers electrons, reducing the charge build-up.","correct":true,"explanation":"The spark provides a conducting path through the air, allowing electrons to transfer and reducing the imbalance of charge on the objects."},{"text":"The spark creates electrons, increasing the charge build-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"A spark transfers existing electrons rather than creating them. This movement reduces the charge imbalance instead of increasing the build-up."},{"text":"The spark transfers protons, reducing the charge build-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons do not normally move between charged objects during a spark. Electron transfer reduces the static charge build-up."},{"text":"The spark removes all positive charges, reducing the charge build-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive charges remain bound in atomic nuclei and are not removed by the spark. The discharge transfers electrons to reduce the imbalance."}]},{"id":"5f48ad8e-bc87-404a-ab53-b3f21aa18ef1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When insulating materials are rubbed together, [ ] transfer from one material to the other.","back":"When insulating materials are rubbed together, electrons transfer from one material to the other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"electrons","correct":true,"explanation":"Rubbing insulating materials can transfer electrons from one material to the other. The positive nuclei stay fixed, so electron transfer creates static charge."},{"text":"protons","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are bound inside atomic nuclei and do not transfer during rubbing. Electrons are the particles that move between insulating materials."},{"text":"neutrons","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons remain in atomic nuclei and are not responsible for charging by friction. Electrons transfer between the materials."},{"text":"atoms","correct":false,"explanation":"Whole atoms are not transferred to produce the static charge. Rubbing moves electrons, leaving the materials with charge imbalances."}]},{"id":"2ca55ddd-fed9-4c66-b5e3-1c92be1cf5b3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A material that gains electrons becomes [ ].","back":"A material that gains electrons becomes negatively charged.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"negatively charged","correct":true,"explanation":"Electrons carry negative charge. Gaining electrons therefore gives the material an excess of negative charge, making it negatively charged."},{"text":"positively charged","correct":false,"explanation":"Gaining electrons adds negative charge, so the material becomes negatively charged. Positive charging happens when electrons are lost."},{"text":"uncharged","correct":false,"explanation":"An uncharged material has balanced positive and negative charge. Gaining electrons creates an excess of negative charge instead."},{"text":"neutral","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutral means the positive and negative charges balance. Extra electrons upset that balance and make the material negatively charged."}]},{"id":"f0f9fa9c-2d2d-43c4-887b-4fba418d2d3d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A material that loses electrons becomes [ ].","back":"A material that loses electrons becomes positively charged.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"positively charged","correct":true,"explanation":"Losing negatively charged electrons leaves more protons than electrons, giving the material an overall positive charge."},{"text":"negatively charged","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the electron transfer: gaining electrons causes a negative charge, whereas losing electrons leaves a positive charge because protons outnumber electrons."},{"text":"electrically neutral","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrality requires equal numbers of protons and electrons. Removing electrons upsets that balance and produces a net positive charge."},{"text":"uncharged","correct":false,"explanation":"An object remains uncharged only when its positive and negative charges balance. Losing electrons removes negative charge and leaves a net positive charge."}]},{"id":"717750b9-4b97-4939-b9f7-51ac3551b918","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The electrostatic rule is: like charges [ ], while opposite charges attract.","back":"The electrostatic rule is: like charges repel, while opposite charges attract.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"repel","correct":true,"explanation":"Like charges exert forces away from one another, so two positive charges or two negative charges repel."},{"text":"attract","correct":false,"explanation":"Attraction occurs between opposite charges. Charges of the same type exert forces away from each other, so the correct rule is that like charges repel."},{"text":"neutralise","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutralisation describes charge being reduced or cancelled, not the force between two like charges. Like charges repel, while opposite charges attract."},{"text":"transfer electrons","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron transfer can change an object's charge, but it is not the electrostatic force between like charges. Like charges repel each other."}]},{"id":"4e8ff10c-e4b7-4234-b144-9cdb8e443b4a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The electrostatic rule is: like charges repel, while opposite charges [ ].","back":"The electrostatic rule is: like charges repel, while opposite charges attract.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"attract","correct":true,"explanation":"Opposite charges exert forces towards one another, so a positive charge and a negative charge attract."},{"text":"repel","correct":false,"explanation":"Repulsion is the behaviour of like charges. Opposite charges pull towards one another, so the correct relationship is attraction."},{"text":"neutralise","correct":false,"explanation":"Opposite charges may reduce the net charge if they combine, but the electrostatic force between them is attraction, not neutralisation."},{"text":"remain stationary","correct":false,"explanation":"Whether charges move depends on other forces and conditions; their electrostatic interaction is still a force towards one another."}]},{"id":"00aebfbe-1b9f-4f92-98e4-a2f10df04187","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A spark occurs when electrons suddenly cross the [ ] between charged objects.","back":"A spark occurs when electrons suddenly cross the air gap between charged objects.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"air gap","correct":true,"explanation":"A sufficiently large potential difference can ionise the air, allowing electrons to cross the gap suddenly and producing a visible spark."},{"text":"plastic coating","correct":false,"explanation":"Plastic is an electrical insulator, so it normally prevents electrons from crossing. A spark jumps through an ionised air gap between charged objects."},{"text":"metal conductor","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons move continuously through a metal conductor rather than forming the sudden discharge seen as a spark across separated charged objects."},{"text":"earth wire","correct":false,"explanation":"An earth wire provides a conducting route for charge to flow safely to Earth. A spark occurs when charge jumps across an air gap."}]},{"id":"11f9b304-fb42-45bf-81ed-76e8a9fc32c9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Static electricity is charge that builds up on an object and [ ].","back":"Static electricity is charge that builds up on an object and stays in place.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"stays in place","correct":true,"explanation":"Static electricity is charge that accumulates on an object rather than flowing continuously through a conducting circuit."},{"text":"flows continuously","correct":false,"explanation":"Continuous charge flow is current electricity. Static electricity is an accumulation of charge that remains on an object until it discharges."},{"text":"changes into heat","correct":false,"explanation":"A discharge can transfer electrical energy into heat, light, or sound, but static electricity itself is charge accumulated on an object."},{"text":"disappears immediately","correct":false,"explanation":"Static charge can remain until a conducting path allows it to discharge. It does not vanish immediately simply because it has built up."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.5.1 Static charge","title":"2.5.1 Static charge Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"c7f25be2-29b1-54ad-89c7-59b367039d03","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]