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acting on the object.","correct":false,"explanation":"The largest force alone ignores the effects of the other forces; the correct replacement is one force with the same effect as all the forces combined."},{"text":"Several forces acting in the same direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combining forces does not leave several forces as the replacement; the correct resultant is one force with the same effect as all the forces combined."},{"text":"No force if the forces act in different directions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forces in different directions can still have a non-zero resultant; several forces are replaced by one force with the same combined effect."}]},{"id":"3cdbfbfb-e2bc-4f94-8e60-d80dd38d4847","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What unit is used to measure force?","back":"Newtons ($\\text{N}$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Newtons ($\\text{N}$).","correct":true,"explanation":"Force is measured in newtons, with the symbol N. One newton is the force that gives a one-kilogram mass an acceleration of one metre per second squared."},{"text":"Joules ($\\text{J}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules measure energy or work, not force. The correct unit for measuring force is newtons, symbol N."},{"text":"Watts ($\\text{W}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Watts measure power, the rate of energy transfer, not force. Force is measured in newtons, symbol N."},{"text":"Kilograms ($\\text{kg}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Kilograms measure mass, not force. Although mass affects weight, the unit used to measure force is newtons, symbol N."}]},{"id":"b08ed4d3-e769-4224-b7bf-2135badace73","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you calculate the resultant of two forces acting in the same direction?","back":"Add the forces.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Add the forces.","correct":true,"explanation":"Forces acting in the same direction reinforce each other, so their magnitudes are added to find the resultant force."},{"text":"Subtract the forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtraction is used for opposite forces in a straight line; forces in the same direction are added to find the resultant."},{"text":"Multiply the forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying force values does not represent their combined effect. Forces acting in the same direction are added to obtain the resultant."},{"text":"Divide the larger force by the smaller force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing the forces gives a ratio rather than their combined force. Same-direction forces must be added to calculate the resultant."}]},{"id":"8760cc0a-25fa-4b35-9e1d-51f5115dad57","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you calculate the resultant of two opposite forces in a straight line?","back":"Subtract the smaller force from the larger force.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Subtract the smaller force from the larger force.","correct":true,"explanation":"Opposite forces in a straight line act against each other, so the resultant magnitude is found by subtracting the smaller force from the larger."},{"text":"Add the forces together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding is appropriate for forces acting in the same direction. Opposite forces oppose one another, so the smaller force must be subtracted from the larger."},{"text":"Subtract the larger force from the smaller force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the subtraction produces a negative magnitude and can obscure the direction. The resultant magnitude comes from subtracting the smaller force from the larger."},{"text":"Average the two forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Averages do not account for the opposing directions correctly. The resultant of opposite forces is the larger force minus the smaller force."}]},{"id":"8e2fc551-cdba-44f0-b259-9e6c01265f29","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What determines the direction of the resultant of two opposite forces?","back":"The direction of the larger force.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The direction of the larger force.","correct":true,"explanation":"Opposite forces do not fully cancel unless equal; the larger force determines which direction the resultant acts."},{"text":"The direction of the smaller force.","correct":false,"explanation":"The smaller force is overcome by the larger one, so the resultant acts in the direction of the larger force, not the smaller."},{"text":"The direction of the first force listed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The order in which forces are described has no physical effect. The resultant direction is determined by the larger force."},{"text":"The direction perpendicular to both forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opposite forces in a straight line produce a resultant along that same line. Its direction is set by the larger force."}]},{"id":"c7fd2754-56b7-48a6-a682-ba67ab4bf4c6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A resultant force must have both a [ ] and a direction.","back":"A resultant force must have both a magnitude and a direction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"magnitude","correct":true,"explanation":"A force is a vector quantity, so it has both a magnitude, describing its size, and a direction."},{"text":"mass","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass is a separate scalar quantity and is not one of the two features defining a force. The missing term is magnitude."},{"text":"speed","correct":false,"explanation":"Speed describes how fast an object moves, not the size of a force. A resultant force must have a magnitude and a direction."},{"text":"distance","correct":false,"explanation":"Distance describes separation or the length of a path, not a force property. The correct missing term is magnitude."}]},{"id":"cc3c4a1c-c15c-4f79-8722-274c9b256478","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the resultant force when 50 N acts left and 50 N acts right?","back":"0 N, because the equal opposite forces cancel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0 N, because the equal opposite forces cancel.","correct":true,"explanation":"The forces have equal magnitudes and opposite directions, so subtracting them gives a resultant force of 0 N."},{"text":"100 N, because the forces combine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding opposite forces incorrectly treats them as acting in the same direction. Equal opposite forces cancel, giving a resultant of 0 N."},{"text":"50 N left, because the left force acts first.","correct":false,"explanation":"The order of the forces does not matter, and neither force is larger. Equal opposite forces cancel, producing 0 N."},{"text":"50 N right, because right is conventionally positive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing a positive direction does not create a resultant when equal forces oppose each other. Their resultant is 0 N."}]},{"id":"77a62724-e2a4-4dcc-9bda-6675f2131273","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What resultant is obtained from 80 N to the right and 20 N to the left when right is positive?","back":"+60 N, meaning 60 N to the right.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"+60 N, meaning 60 N to the right.","correct":true,"explanation":"Taking right as positive gives $+80\\,\\text{N} - 20\\,\\text{N} = +60\\,\\text{N}$, so the resultant acts to the right."},{"text":"+100 N, meaning 100 N to the right.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the forces ignores that the 20 N force acts left. Subtracting it from 80 N gives the correct resultant, +60 N to the right."},{"text":"-60 N, meaning 60 N to the left.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sign is reversed by treating the rightward force as negative. With right positive, 80 N exceeds 20 N, giving +60 N to the right."},{"text":"+40 N, meaning 40 N to the right.","correct":false,"explanation":"This likely subtracts 20 N twice or reduces the larger force incorrectly. The correct calculation is 80 N minus 20 N, giving +60 N."}]},{"id":"a14918eb-ec2d-4eb1-adc4-31de8e56932c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is an object or group treated as an isolated system?","back":"It is considered separately from its surroundings, so only its external forces are analysed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is considered separately from its surroundings, so only its external forces are analysed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Treating an object or group as isolated separates it from its surroundings, allowing analysis of the external forces acting on the system."},{"text":"It is considered together with its surroundings, so only its internal forces are analysed.","correct":false,"explanation":"An isolated system is separated from its surroundings, and external forces are analysed. Internal forces within the system are not the purpose of isolation."},{"text":"It is considered separately from its surroundings, so only its internal forces are analysed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolation means examining forces from outside the system. Internal forces are forces between parts of the system and are not the relevant external interactions."},{"text":"It is considered separately from its surroundings, so all external and internal forces are analysed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The system is separated from its surroundings to focus on external forces. Internal forces within the chosen system are not included in this analysis."}]},{"id":"f36875a1-1129-429a-8f28-03111acb41b4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A free-body diagram shows all the [ ] an isolated object or system.","back":"A free-body diagram shows all the forces acting on an isolated object or system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"forces acting on","correct":true,"explanation":"A free-body diagram represents all the forces acting on an isolated object or system, including their directions and usually their labels."},{"text":"objects touching","correct":false,"explanation":"Objects touching may cause contact forces, but the diagram must show the forces acting on the system, not simply the objects touching it."},{"text":"types of motion of","correct":false,"explanation":"Motion describes what the object does, whereas a free-body diagram identifies the forces acting on the isolated object or system."},{"text":"energy transfers from","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy transfers are not what a free-body diagram records. It shows all the forces acting on the isolated object or system."}]},{"id":"9b1d157f-f9e9-47cb-b060-498d295f3668","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two forces act on a book resting on a table?","back":"

Weight acts downwards.
Normal contact force from the table acts upwards.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Weight acts downwards.
Normal contact force from the table acts upwards.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The book’s weight acts downward due to gravity, while the table provides an upward normal contact force supporting the book."},{"text":"

Weight acts upwards.
Normal contact force from the table acts downwards.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both force directions are reversed here. Weight acts downward because of gravity, and the table’s normal contact force acts upward."},{"text":"

Friction acts downwards.
Air resistance from the table acts upwards.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A stationary book on a table has weight and normal contact force. Friction and air resistance are not the relevant opposing vertical pair."},{"text":"

Tension acts downwards.
Thrust from the table acts upwards.

","correct":false,"explanation":"There is no string producing tension and a table does not provide thrust in this situation. The forces are weight downward and normal contact force upward."}]},{"id":"dcef6efc-c46a-45b9-9d8e-0558d8a4350a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are the forces between two connected trolleys excluded when they are treated as one system?","back":"Forces the trolleys exert on each other are internal to the system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Forces the trolleys exert on each other are internal to the system.","correct":true,"explanation":"When both trolleys form one system, forces they exert on each other act within that system and are therefore internal forces."},{"text":"Forces the trolleys exert on each other are external to the system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two trolleys are both inside the chosen system, so their mutual forces are internal. External forces come from outside the trolley system."},{"text":"The trolleys exert equal forces in the same direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interaction forces are equal and opposite, not in the same direction. They are also internal when both trolleys are treated as one system."},{"text":"The trolleys exert no forces on each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Connected trolleys do exert forces on each other. Those forces are excluded from the system diagram because they are internal and cancel in the overall analysis."}]},{"id":"f07b0a04-3efd-4c58-a17e-db3bb25d73c7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a free-body diagram, each force is represented by a labelled [ ].","back":"In a free-body diagram, each force is represented by a labelled arrow.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"arrow","correct":true,"explanation":"Each force in a free-body diagram is shown by a labelled arrow, with the arrow direction representing the force direction."},{"text":"circle","correct":false,"explanation":"A circle may represent the object or system, but individual forces are represented by labelled arrows showing their directions."},{"text":"number","correct":false,"explanation":"A number can state a force’s magnitude, but it does not show its direction. Each force is represented by a labelled arrow."},{"text":"line graph","correct":false,"explanation":"A line graph shows how quantities vary, not individual forces acting on an object. Free-body diagrams use labelled arrows for forces."}]},{"id":"b2264b67-f23a-4e63-bfb9-edac9954c606","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to an object in equilibrium?","back":"It remains stationary or moves at constant velocity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It remains stationary or moves at constant velocity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Equilibrium means the resultant force is zero. The object therefore stays at rest or continues moving with constant velocity."},{"text":"It remains stationary or moves at increasing velocity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing velocity requires acceleration and therefore a non-zero resultant force. In equilibrium, an object is stationary or moves at constant velocity."},{"text":"It moves at constant acceleration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constant acceleration is still acceleration and requires a resultant force. Zero resultant force means constant velocity, including the special case of rest."},{"text":"It always comes to rest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equilibrium does not necessarily stop an object. It can continue moving indefinitely at constant velocity, or remain stationary if already at rest."}]},{"id":"df05fc4f-9391-493c-9537-fabfb234b75d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When the resultant force is zero, the forces are [ ].","back":"When the resultant force is zero, the forces are balanced.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"balanced","correct":true,"explanation":"Forces are balanced when their vector sum is zero, so there is no resultant force and no acceleration."},{"text":"unbalanced","correct":false,"explanation":"Unbalanced forces have a non-zero resultant and cause acceleration. A zero resultant means the forces are balanced."},{"text":"accelerating","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceleration results from a non-zero resultant force. When the resultant is zero, the forces are balanced instead."},{"text":"increasing","correct":false,"explanation":"A force is not described as increasing merely because other forces act. A zero resultant means the forces are balanced."}]},{"id":"16a341f5-51c0-4ce2-bf5d-17c390b0e318","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A parachutist's weight is greater than air resistance. In which direction is the resultant force?","back":"The resultant acts downwards, because weight is the larger force.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The resultant acts downwards, because weight is the larger force.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weight acts downwards and is greater than the upward air resistance, so subtracting the forces leaves a resultant directed downwards."},{"text":"The resultant acts upwards, because air resistance opposes the motion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Air resistance opposes the downward motion but is smaller than weight. The larger downward force determines that the resultant acts downwards."},{"text":"The resultant is zero, because both forces act vertically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opposite vertical forces cancel only when they are equal. Since weight is greater than air resistance, there is a non-zero downward resultant."},{"text":"The resultant acts downwards, because air resistance is the larger force.","correct":false,"explanation":"The direction is correct but the stated reason is reversed: weight is larger than air resistance, so it determines the downward resultant."}]},{"id":"2e14524a-c716-4b51-8cac-80e61a013ebc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens when a force is resolved?","back":"It replaces the original force with two component forces at right angles having the same combined effect.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It replaces the original force with two component forces at right angles having the same combined effect.","correct":true,"explanation":"Resolving a force means replacing it with perpendicular component forces whose vector combination has the same magnitude and direction as the original force."},{"text":"It replaces the original force with two component forces in the same direction having the same combined effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Components must be perpendicular for standard force resolution; forces in the same direction cannot represent independent horizontal and vertical effects. The correct description uses component forces at right angles."},{"text":"It replaces the original force with two equal forces at right angles having the same combined effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The component forces are not necessarily equal; their sizes depend on the original force’s angle. The correct answer specifies right-angled components with the same combined effect."},{"text":"It replaces the original force with two component forces at parallel angles having the same combined effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel components do not provide the perpendicular directions needed to resolve a force. The correct method uses component forces at right angles while preserving the original combined effect."}]},{"id":"4b58bf8a-1cd0-4e6e-af82-ac8a01be496a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A diagonal force is commonly resolved into [ ] and vertical components.","back":"A diagonal force is commonly resolved into horizontal and vertical components.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"horizontal","correct":true,"explanation":"A diagonal force is conventionally split into perpendicular horizontal and vertical components, allowing its separate effects in the two directions to be analysed."},{"text":"parallel","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel components point along the same direction and do not separate a diagonal force into its horizontal and vertical effects. The missing term is horizontal."},{"text":"resultant","correct":false,"explanation":"The resultant is the single overall force produced by combining forces, not one of the perpendicular components used to resolve a diagonal force. The missing term is horizontal."},{"text":"diagonal","correct":false,"explanation":"The original force is already diagonal, so naming another diagonal component does not resolve it into perpendicular directions. The missing term is horizontal."}]},{"id":"f866f0d2-7639-46e6-9e4c-ad5e6871480a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How are force components found for this content?","back":"Scale drawings only.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Scale drawings only.","correct":true,"explanation":"For this GCSE content, force components are found using scale drawings. The vector lengths and directions are measured from the accurately constructed diagram."},{"text":"Trigonometry only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trigonometry can find components in more advanced treatments, but this content specifically requires scale drawings only. The expected method is an accurately measured vector diagram."},{"text":"Equations only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using equations alone is not the specified method for this content and can omit the required vector construction. The correct approach is to use scale drawings only."},{"text":"Measuring instruments only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Instruments may help measure a diagram, but they are not the method for finding components by themselves. The required method is scale drawings only."}]},{"id":"1dd5da14-6abb-43a2-9ddd-a6daea02808b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do you find the resultant of two forces using a vector diagram?","back":"

Draw the vectors head to tail.
Draw the resultant from the start of the first to the end of the second.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Draw the vectors head to tail.
Draw the resultant from the start of the first to the end of the second.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Placing vectors head to tail preserves each vector’s direction and displacement. The resultant joins the start of the first vector directly to the end of the second."},{"text":"

Draw the vectors tail to tail.
Draw the resultant from the start of the first to the end of the second.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Tail-to-tail vectors do not form the standard addition path, so joining the stated points gives the wrong resultant construction. Vectors should be drawn head to tail."},{"text":"

Draw the vectors head to head.
Draw the resultant from the start of the first to the end of the second.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Putting the arrowheads together reverses the required vector-addition arrangement and can produce an incorrect direction. The correct construction places the vectors head to tail."},{"text":"

Draw the vectors head to tail.
Draw the resultant from the end of the first to the end of the second.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although head-to-tail placement is correct, the resultant must begin at the start of the first vector. Starting at its end measures only the second vector’s remaining displacement."}]},{"id":"1d0d4c46-8f14-405d-893a-b28cded142d1","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"A boat has forces of 30 N east and 40 N north. What resultant is found from a scale drawing?","back":"50 N at 53° north of east.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"50 N at 53° north of east.","correct":true,"explanation":"The perpendicular forces form a 3:4:5 triangle, giving a resultant of 50 N. The angle from east is $\\tan^{-1}(40/30) = 53°$, towards the north."},{"text":"70 N at 53° north of east.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding 30 N and 40 N directly gives 70 N, which ignores that the forces are perpendicular. Using the vector triangle gives 50 N at 53° north of east."},{"text":"50 N at 37° north of east.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 37° angle is measured from the north direction because $\\tan^{-1}(30/40)$ was used. Measured from east, the correct result is 50 N at 53° north of east."},{"text":"50 N at 53° south of east.","correct":false,"explanation":"The magnitude and angle are calculated correctly, but the northward force places the resultant above east, not below it. The direction must be 53° north of east."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"5.1.4 Resultant forces","title":"5.1.4 Resultant forces Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"7b687b00-d914-5527-9417-75fd6fcf202e","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]