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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/physics/aqa/properties-of-waves/flashcards","label":"6.1.2 Properties of waves","subjectCode":"gcse_physics__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"d8f53dad-1d9d-46be-8abd-891a20a8c0ca","title":"6.1.2 Properties of waves Flashcards","topicId":"7b6ada6a-6219-5687-bfff-eba023a714e6","topicSlug":"properties-of-waves","cards":[{"id":"9205b60e-bb1f-4c5a-9e1d-d708a2b193ca","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the amplitude of a wave?","back":"Maximum displacement from the undisturbed position.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Maximum displacement from the undisturbed position.","correct":true,"explanation":"Amplitude measures the greatest displacement of a point on the wave from its equilibrium, or undisturbed, position."},{"text":"Maximum distance from a crest to a trough.","correct":false,"explanation":"A crest-to-trough measurement spans two amplitudes, not one. Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the undisturbed position."},{"text":"Total distance travelled by the wave in one second.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes wave speed rather than amplitude. Amplitude is determined by the maximum displacement from the wave’s undisturbed position."},{"text":"Number of waves passing a point each second.","correct":false,"explanation":"This defines frequency, which counts complete waves per second. Amplitude instead describes the maximum displacement from the undisturbed position."}]},{"id":"8f88085a-5a5d-4b5c-a49c-390bed4fd4f2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Between which parts of a wave is amplitude measured?","back":"From the centre line to a crest or trough.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"From the centre line to a crest or trough.","correct":true,"explanation":"The centre line represents the undisturbed position, so measuring to a crest or trough gives the maximum displacement and therefore the amplitude."},{"text":"From a crest to the next trough.","correct":false,"explanation":"This measures the full vertical height of the wave, equal to twice the amplitude. Amplitude is measured from the centre line to a crest or trough."},{"text":"From one crest to the next crest.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distance between matching points on adjacent waves is wavelength. Amplitude is measured vertically from the centre line to a crest or trough."},{"text":"From the centre line to the next crest.","correct":false,"explanation":"A crest alone gives a valid endpoint, but measuring from the centre line to the next crest describes a horizontal distance rather than the required vertical displacement."}]},{"id":"f71648c8-5f0c-4e53-8a2f-a667de47298a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the energy carried by a wave when its amplitude increases?","back":"A greater amplitude means the wave carries more energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A greater amplitude means the wave carries more energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Increasing amplitude increases the energy carried by the wave. For many waves, the energy is proportional to the square of the amplitude."},{"text":"A greater amplitude means the wave carries less energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"A larger displacement means more energy is transferred, not less. The wave carries more energy as its amplitude increases."},{"text":"A greater amplitude means the wave carries the same energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude affects the energy carried by a wave, so changing it cannot leave the energy unchanged. Greater amplitude means more energy."},{"text":"A greater amplitude means the wave carries more frequency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency counts complete waves passing each second and is a separate property. Increasing amplitude increases energy, not frequency."}]},{"id":"e11590bb-95bb-4365-99a1-66e90b694ade","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the wavelength of a wave?","back":"The distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wavelength is the distance between matching points on neighbouring waves, such as crest to crest or trough to trough."},{"text":"The distance from a point on one wave to the opposite point on the adjacent wave.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opposite points do not define one complete cycle and may represent a half-wavelength. Wavelength uses equivalent matching points on adjacent waves."},{"text":"The distance from a point on one wave to the nearest point on the same wave.","correct":false,"explanation":"A nearby point on the same wave can represent only part of a cycle. Wavelength is measured between equivalent points on adjacent waves."},{"text":"The distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the same wave.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equivalent points on the same displayed wave are not necessarily separated by one cycle. Wavelength is the distance between equivalent points on adjacent waves."}]},{"id":"33019610-5065-4678-be65-f68e25880a90","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the symbol and unit for wavelength?","back":"The symbol is $\\lambda$ and the unit is metres, m.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The symbol is $\\lambda$ and the unit is metres, m.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wavelength is represented by the Greek letter lambda, $\\lambda$, and is a distance, so its SI unit is metres, m."},{"text":"The symbol is $f$ and the unit is metres, m.","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $f$ represents frequency, although metres is the correct type of unit for wavelength. Wavelength uses $\\lambda$ and is measured in metres, m."},{"text":"The symbol is $\\lambda$ and the unit is hertz, Hz.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lambda is the correct wavelength symbol, but hertz measures frequency. Wavelength is a distance and therefore uses metres, m."},{"text":"The symbol is $T$ and the unit is seconds, s.","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $T$ and seconds describe period, the time for one cycle. Wavelength instead uses $\\lambda$ and is measured in metres, m."}]},{"id":"c3c34eb7-fc9e-4ceb-a825-6e0a12b60c5c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the frequency of a wave?","back":"The number of complete waves passing a point each second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The number of complete waves passing a point each second.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequency tells us how many complete waves pass a fixed point in one second, and it is measured in hertz."},{"text":"The distance travelled by one wave in one second.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes wave speed, measured as distance per second. Frequency counts the number of complete waves passing a point each second."},{"text":"The time taken for one complete wave to pass a point.","correct":false,"explanation":"This defines the period of a wave, not its frequency. Frequency counts complete waves passing a point each second."},{"text":"The maximum displacement of a wave from its centre line.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes amplitude, which measures maximum displacement from equilibrium. Frequency instead counts how many complete waves pass a point each second."}]},{"id":"00ea2a05-a84c-4319-9a3e-4a765cb586df","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the symbol and unit for frequency?","back":"The symbol is $f$ and the unit is hertz, Hz.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The symbol is $f$ and the unit is hertz, Hz.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequency is represented by $f$ and measures cycles per second. The unit hertz, Hz, is equivalent to one complete cycle per second."},{"text":"The symbol is $f$ and the unit is metres, m.","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $f$ correctly represents frequency, but metres measure distance. Frequency is measured in hertz, Hz, meaning cycles per second."},{"text":"The symbol is $\\lambda$ and the unit is hertz, Hz.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hertz is the correct frequency unit, but $\\lambda$ represents wavelength. Frequency uses $f$ and is measured in hertz, Hz."},{"text":"The symbol is $T$ and the unit is seconds, s.","correct":false,"explanation":"$$T$ measured in seconds represents period, the time for one cycle. Frequency uses $f$ and is measured in hertz, Hz."}]},{"id":"b934b511-144f-4a41-bef1-b0cb326f5926","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the period of a wave?","back":"The time taken for one complete wave to pass a point.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The time taken for one complete wave to pass a point.","correct":true,"explanation":"The period is the time for one complete cycle to pass a fixed point. It is the reciprocal of frequency and is measured in seconds."},{"text":"The time taken for several complete waves to pass a point.","correct":false,"explanation":"Timing several waves gives a total interval that must be divided by the number of waves. The period is the time for one complete wave."},{"text":"The distance travelled by one complete wave to pass a point.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distance travelled by one cycle relates to wavelength, not period. Period measures the time required for one complete wave to pass a point."},{"text":"The number of complete waves passing a point each second.","correct":false,"explanation":"This defines frequency, measured in hertz. Period is the time taken for one complete wave to pass a point."}]},{"id":"371ff567-a2fc-4e1c-bcc3-af825aca2482","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the symbol and unit for period?","back":"The symbol is $T$ and the unit is seconds, s.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The symbol is $T$ and the unit is seconds, s.","correct":true,"explanation":"The period is represented by $T$ and measures the time for one complete wave, so its SI unit is seconds, written s."},{"text":"The symbol is $f$ and the unit is seconds, s.","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $f$ represents frequency, while seconds measure period. The required pairing is $T$ for period and seconds, s, because period is a time interval."},{"text":"The symbol is $T$ and the unit is hertz, Hz.","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol is appropriate, but hertz measures frequency rather than elapsed time. Period is measured in seconds, s, because it is the time for one cycle."},{"text":"The symbol is $\\lambda$ and the unit is metres, m.","correct":false,"explanation":"This pairing describes wavelength, not period. Wavelength is represented by $\\lambda$ and measured in metres, whereas period uses $T$ and is measured in seconds, s."}]},{"id":"dc3ca86a-c995-472d-9156-74dab171acc9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What equation links period and frequency?","back":"$$$T = \\frac{1}{f}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$T = \\frac{1}{f}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Period and frequency are reciprocals: one cycle's time is the reciprocal of the number of cycles per second, giving $T=\\frac{1}{f}$."},{"text":"$$$T = f$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating the two quantities as equal ignores that frequency counts cycles per second while period gives seconds per cycle. Their relationship is reciprocal: $T=\\frac{1}{f}$."},{"text":"$$$T = \\frac{f}{1}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This keeps frequency in the numerator, which makes the period increase when frequency increases. The reciprocal relationship requires frequency in the denominator: $T=\\frac{1}{f}$."},{"text":"$$$T = 1 - f$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting frequency from one has no physical basis and does not produce the reciprocal units needed for a time period. The correct relationship is $T=\\frac{1}{f}$."}]},{"id":"b6633b1b-a391-48ea-aaea-7c0de4743cef","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the period when frequency increases?","back":"A higher frequency gives a shorter period.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A higher frequency gives a shorter period.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequency and period are inversely proportional. More cycles each second means less time is available for each cycle, so the period becomes shorter."},{"text":"A higher frequency gives a longer period.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the inverse relationship between the quantities. Increasing the number of cycles per second reduces the time taken by each cycle, giving a shorter period."},{"text":"A higher frequency gives a constant period.","correct":false,"explanation":"The period cannot remain unchanged when frequency changes because $T=\\frac{1}{f}$. Increasing frequency necessarily reduces the time for each cycle, producing a shorter period."},{"text":"A higher frequency gives a larger amplitude.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude describes maximum displacement and is not determined by frequency alone. The time for each cycle changes inversely with frequency, so a higher frequency gives a shorter period."}]},{"id":"37ef1a15-3ad5-41eb-8bb2-fd3ab1c452d0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the wave equation?","back":"$$$v = f\\lambda$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$v = f\\lambda$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Wave speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength. This works because cycles per second multiplied by metres per cycle gives metres per second."},{"text":"$$$v = \\frac{f}{\\lambda}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by wavelength gives the wrong relationship and units for wave speed. The speed is found by multiplying frequency by wavelength: $v=f\\lambda$."},{"text":"$$$v = \\lambda - f$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting frequency and wavelength is physically invalid because they have different units. Wave speed is calculated by multiplying them: $v=f\\lambda$."},{"text":"$$$v = \\frac{\\lambda}{f}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the required multiplication and produces units of metre-seconds rather than metres per second. The wave equation is $v=f\\lambda$."}]},{"id":"e8695623-0d42-4a70-94e1-8998699448d9","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What do the three quantities in $v=f\\lambda$ represent, including their units?","back":"

$v$: wave speed in m/s
$f$: frequency in Hz
$\\lambda$: wavelength in m

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

$v$: wave speed in m/s
$f$: frequency in Hz
$\\lambda$: wavelength in m

","correct":true,"explanation":"In $v=f\\lambda$, $v$ is wave speed in m/s, $f$ is frequency in Hz, and $\\lambda$ is wavelength in m. These units combine consistently to give m/s."},{"text":"

$v$: wave speed in Hz
$f$: frequency in m/s
$\\lambda$: wavelength in m

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first two units have been swapped. Hertz measures frequency and m/s measures speed, so the correct assignments are $v$ in m/s and $f$ in Hz."},{"text":"

$v$: wave speed in m
$f$: frequency in s
$\\lambda$: wavelength in Hz

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are incomplete or mismatched units: metres measure wavelength, hertz measures frequency, and m/s measures speed. Therefore $v$ uses m/s, $f$ uses Hz, and $\\lambda$ uses m."},{"text":"

$v$: wave speed in s
$f$: frequency in m
$\\lambda$: wavelength in m/s

","correct":false,"explanation":"Each quantity has been assigned a unit belonging to a different measurement. Speed requires m/s, frequency requires Hz, and wavelength requires m, matching $v$, $f$, and $\\lambda$ respectively."}]},{"id":"281582b9-e7f2-42fe-b10c-f8e37d3d9532","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A wave has frequency $4\\ \\text{Hz}$. What is its period?","back":"$$$T = \\frac{1}{4} = 0.25\\ \\text{s}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$T = \\frac{1}{4} = 0.25\\ \\text{s}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Using $T=\\frac{1}{f}$ with $f=4\\ \\text{Hz}$ gives $T=\\frac{1}{4}=0.25\\ \\text{s}$, the time for one complete cycle."},{"text":"$$$T = 4 = 4\\ \\text{s}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the frequency value as though it were already a period. The reciprocal equation gives $T=\\frac{1}{4}=0.25\\ \\text{s}$."},{"text":"$$$T = \\frac{1}{2} = 0.5\\ \\text{s}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"The reciprocal has been calculated using 2 instead of the given frequency of 4 Hz. Substituting the stated value gives $T=\\frac{1}{4}=0.25\\ \\text{s}$."},{"text":"$$$T = 2 = 2\\ \\text{s}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is a likely confusion between frequency and period, with the frequency value not being inverted. Since $T=\\frac{1}{f}$, the period is $0.25\\ \\text{s}$."}]},{"id":"3a662f61-eb79-4bb0-91ea-2932beb78fb6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Amplitude is measured from the [ ] to a crest or trough.","back":"Amplitude is measured from the centre line to a crest or trough.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"centre line","correct":true,"explanation":"Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the centre line to a crest or trough. It measures how far the wave moves from its undisturbed middle position."},{"text":"crest","correct":false,"explanation":"A crest is the highest point of a transverse wave, not the reference position from which amplitude is measured. Amplitude is measured from the centre line to a crest or trough."},{"text":"trough","correct":false,"explanation":"A trough is the lowest point of a transverse wave, so it is an endpoint of the measurement rather than its reference. The reference is the centre line."},{"text":"wavelength","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength is the distance between corresponding points on successive waves, not the middle reference for vertical displacement. Amplitude is measured from the centre line."}]},{"id":"4f7c1bd7-dced-460b-9a36-f6f3c1186e26","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Frequency is the number of complete waves passing a point each [ ].","back":"Frequency is the number of complete waves passing a point each second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"second","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequency counts how many complete wave cycles pass a point every second. This gives frequency its standard unit, the hertz, where $1\\text{ Hz}=1$ cycle per second."},{"text":"minute","correct":false,"explanation":"Counting waves per minute would not directly give frequency in hertz. Frequency is defined as the number of complete waves passing a point each second."},{"text":"wavelength","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength is a distance between corresponding points on successive waves, not a time interval. Frequency counts the complete waves passing a point each second."},{"text":"oscillation","correct":false,"explanation":"An oscillation is one complete cycle rather than the interval over which cycles are counted. Frequency is the number of complete waves passing each second."}]},{"id":"f3f04481-2bdf-4c6b-975b-e82f01341876","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Wave speed is calculated using $\\text{speed} = \\frac{\\text{distance}}{\\text{time}}$, then the readings are repeated and a [ ] is taken.","back":"Wave speed is calculated using $\\text{speed} = \\frac{\\text{distance}}{\\text{time}}$, then the readings are repeated and a mean is taken.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mean","correct":true,"explanation":"Taking the mean of repeated readings reduces the effect of random measurement errors. It is found by adding the readings and dividing by their number."},{"text":"median","correct":false,"explanation":"The median is the middle ordered result, but this practical uses the mean to reduce random error. Add all repeated readings and divide by their number."},{"text":"mode","correct":false,"explanation":"The mode is merely the most frequently occurring result and may be unhelpful for continuous measurements. A mean is calculated from the repeated wave-speed readings."},{"text":"range","correct":false,"explanation":"The range measures the spread between the largest and smallest readings rather than producing the best estimate. The repeated readings should be used to calculate a mean."}]},{"id":"ef14a5b8-cc55-42fa-beb4-b82c78502dec","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a ripple tank, measuring the length of several whole waves and dividing by their number gives the [ ].","back":"In a ripple tank, measuring the length of several whole waves and dividing by their number gives the wavelength.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"wavelength","correct":true,"explanation":"Dividing the total length of several complete waves by the number of waves gives the length of one complete wave, which is the wavelength."},{"text":"amplitude","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position and is measured perpendicular to the wave’s travel. This calculation instead gives the wavelength."},{"text":"frequency","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency is the number of complete waves produced or passing a point each second. Dividing a measured wave-train length by its wave count gives wavelength."},{"text":"wave speed","correct":false,"explanation":"Wave speed requires both a distance and the corresponding travel time. Dividing the length of several waves by their number gives the wavelength instead."}]},{"id":"17bbab85-a87f-418f-aec7-3266cc0b7c14","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a stretched string, the measured loops represent [ ], so the result is multiplied by $2$.","back":"For a stretched string, the measured loops represent half-wavelengths, so the result is multiplied by $2$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"half-wavelengths","correct":true,"explanation":"Each loop on a stationary wave extends between adjacent nodes and therefore has length $\\frac{\\lambda}{2}$. Multiplying the mean loop length by $2$ gives the wavelength."},{"text":"full-wavelengths","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating each loop as a complete wavelength overlooks that adjacent loops alternate displacement direction. A loop spans two adjacent nodes, so it represents a half-wavelength."},{"text":"quarter-wavelengths","correct":false,"explanation":"A quarter-wavelength is the distance from a node to the nearest antinode, only half of one loop. Each complete loop represents a half-wavelength."},{"text":"amplitudes","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude is the maximum transverse displacement of the string, not the horizontal length of a loop. The measured loops along the string are half-wavelengths."}]},{"id":"d518df8a-c1d8-464d-b22e-aad034cb9026","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When sound enters a new medium, its [ ] stays constant because it is fixed by the source.","back":"When sound enters a new medium, its frequency stays constant because it is fixed by the source.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"frequency","correct":true,"explanation":"The source determines how many oscillations are produced each second, so frequency does not change at a boundary. Changes in wave speed instead cause wavelength to change."},{"text":"wavelength","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength is not fixed by the source when sound changes medium. Frequency stays constant, while wavelength changes because the wave speed changes according to $v=f\\lambda$."},{"text":"velocity","correct":false,"explanation":"Sound velocity depends on the properties of the medium, so it generally changes at a boundary. The source fixes the sound’s frequency, which remains constant."},{"text":"amplitude","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude can change because some sound energy may be reflected or absorbed at the boundary. It is frequency, set by the source, that must remain constant."}]},{"id":"d42cae5d-ec9e-4c6f-86c9-b6d3e0eb1593","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If sound velocity increases while frequency remains constant, the wavelength [ ].","back":"If sound velocity increases while frequency remains constant, the wavelength increases in the same proportion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"increases in the same proportion","correct":true,"explanation":"The wave equation gives $\\lambda=\\frac{v}{f}$. With frequency fixed, wavelength is directly proportional to velocity, so the same proportional increase in velocity occurs in wavelength."},{"text":"decreases in the same proportion","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direct relationship between wavelength and velocity. Since $\\lambda=\\frac{v}{f}$ and frequency is constant, wavelength increases in the same proportion as velocity."},{"text":"remains constant","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency remains constant because the source fixes it, but wavelength does not. From $v=f\\lambda$, a higher velocity at fixed frequency requires a proportionally larger wavelength."},{"text":"increases in inverse proportion","correct":false,"explanation":"Inverse proportionality would apply between wavelength and frequency when velocity is fixed. Here frequency is constant, so wavelength increases in direct, not inverse, proportion to velocity."}]},{"id":"68aecd0a-27e6-4a22-9790-27592ed5deed","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Two microphones and a data logger find the speed of sound by measuring the [ ] between the microphones.","back":"Two microphones and a data logger find the speed of sound by measuring the time delay between the microphones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"time delay","correct":true,"explanation":"The microphones detect the same sound at different times. Dividing their known separation by this measured time delay gives the speed of sound."},{"text":"frequency difference","correct":false,"explanation":"Both microphones detect sound from the same source, so they measure the same frequency. The required measurement is the time delay for sound to travel between them."},{"text":"amplitude decrease","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude may fall as sound spreads, but this does not provide its travel time. Speed is calculated using microphone separation divided by the measured time delay."},{"text":"wavelength change","correct":false,"explanation":"The sound remains in the same medium between the microphones, so its wavelength does not change. The data logger instead measures the sound’s time delay between them."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.1.2 Properties of waves","title":"6.1.2 Properties of waves Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"7b6ada6a-6219-5687-bfff-eba023a714e6","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]