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This process also releases neutrons and energy because the products have slightly less mass than the original nucleus."},{"text":"It joins with another nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Joining nuclei describes fusion, not fission. In nuclear fission, a large unstable nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing energy and usually several neutrons."},{"text":"It changes into a stable isotope.","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive decay can produce a different, more stable isotope, but fission specifically involves the nucleus breaking into two smaller nuclei. The correct description is splitting into two smaller nuclei."},{"text":"It loses all of its electrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are involved in ionisation, whereas fission affects the nucleus itself. The large unstable nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, rather than simply losing its surrounding electrons."}]},{"id":"c4c4eba9-8f8f-4f68-8670-2764e0947eca","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which two fuels can undergo nuclear fission?","back":"Uranium and plutonium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Uranium and plutonium.","correct":true,"explanation":"Uranium and plutonium have heavy, unstable nuclei that can undergo fission. Their isotopes, especially uranium-235 and plutonium-239, are used as nuclear fuels in reactors and weapons."},{"text":"Hydrogen and helium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen and helium are associated mainly with nuclear fusion, in which light nuclei combine. Fission fuels are the heavy elements uranium and plutonium."},{"text":"Carbon and oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon and oxygen are relatively light nuclei and are not the standard fuels for induced fission. The relevant heavy fission fuels are uranium and plutonium."},{"text":"Iron and cobalt.","correct":false,"explanation":"Iron and cobalt are not the fuels normally used for nuclear fission. The GCSE examples are the heavy elements uranium and plutonium, whose nuclei can split and release energy."}]},{"id":"7a660dd6-a98e-4263-b57b-c281a445a9a2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must a nucleus usually absorb a neutron before fission?","back":"Spontaneous fission is rare, so neutron absorption triggers the split.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Spontaneous fission is rare, so neutron absorption triggers the split.","correct":true,"explanation":"Most large unstable nuclei do not split spontaneously at the required rate. Absorbing a neutron makes the nucleus unstable enough to split, initiating induced nuclear fission."},{"text":"Neutrons provide the electrons needed to remove the nucleus’s charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons do not provide electrons, and fission is not caused by removing nuclear charge. Spontaneous fission is rare, so absorbing a neutron triggers the nucleus to split."},{"text":"Neutrons cool the nucleus until its particles stop moving.","correct":false,"explanation":"A neutron does not cool the nucleus or stop particle motion. Its absorption makes the large nucleus unstable enough to undergo fission; spontaneous fission is otherwise rare."},{"text":"Neutrons increase the nucleus’s mass so it becomes impossible to split.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absorbed neutron makes the nucleus more unstable rather than preventing splitting. Because spontaneous fission is rare, neutron absorption is usually needed to trigger the split."}]},{"id":"94bd4990-5552-40a0-9be4-fa997201deb5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the sizes of the two nuclei produced by fission?","back":"They are roughly equal in size.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are roughly equal in size.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fission usually produces two daughter nuclei with approximately similar masses, although the split is not perfectly equal. The products are therefore described as roughly equal in size."},{"text":"They are exactly equal in size.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fission products are not perfectly identical in mass, so the split is not exactly equal. They are described as roughly equal in size because their masses are broadly similar."},{"text":"One is much larger than the other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although fission products can have different masses, they are generally not separated into one very large and one tiny nucleus. Their sizes are roughly equal."},{"text":"Both are the same size as the original nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The original nucleus divides, so each product must be smaller than it was. The two resulting nuclei are usually roughly equal in size, not each as large as the original."}]},{"id":"7bd55aa2-0a96-4323-b988-bfbdfc519945","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many neutrons are typically emitted during fission?","back":"Two or three neutrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Two or three neutrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"A typical fission event releases two or three free neutrons. These neutrons can be absorbed by other fissile nuclei and may continue a nuclear chain reaction."},{"text":"One neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"One neutron can trigger fission, but a typical fission event releases about two or three neutrons. Releasing multiple neutrons is what allows a chain reaction to develop."},{"text":"Four or five neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some fission events may release different numbers, but the typical GCSE value is two or three neutrons. Using four or five overestimates the usual neutron emission."},{"text":"No neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fission normally emits free neutrons as well as producing smaller nuclei and releasing energy. The typical number released is two or three, so no-neutron emission is incorrect."}]},{"id":"2796e399-769e-4b4b-b03d-23beade42403","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of radiation is emitted during nuclear fission?","back":"Gamma rays.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gamma rays.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nuclear fission can emit gamma rays because the daughter nuclei are often left in excited states. Gamma emission removes excess nuclear energy as electromagnetic radiation."},{"text":"Alpha particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha particles are emitted in some radioactive decays, but the radiation typically identified as emitted during nuclear fission is gamma radiation. Fission also releases neutrons."},{"text":"Beta particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Beta particles are produced when a neutron or proton changes within a nucleus during beta decay. The characteristic radiation associated with fission in this context is gamma rays."},{"text":"Ultraviolet waves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet waves are electromagnetic radiation with much less energy than gamma rays and are not the expected fission radiation here. Fission can emit gamma rays from excited daughter nuclei."}]},{"id":"0452fbf1-0bcb-4da2-9eb8-90eeb5df6382","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the energy during nuclear fission?","back":"Energy is released.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy is released.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fission releases energy because the total mass of the products is slightly less than the mass of the original nucleus. The mass difference is converted into energy."},{"text":"Energy is absorbed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The incoming neutron may be absorbed to initiate fission, but the overall fission process releases energy. A small mass defect is converted into a large amount of energy."},{"text":"Energy is destroyed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy cannot be destroyed in this process. Nuclear mass is converted into released energy, so the correct description is that energy is released during fission."},{"text":"Energy remains unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although energy is conserved overall, fission transfers nuclear mass energy into kinetic energy and radiation. Therefore energy is released from the nucleus rather than remaining unavailable."}]},{"id":"adc14460-7d79-4c02-a47e-0f1b801a3c64","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the fission products when energy is released?","back":"They are given kinetic energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are given kinetic energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"The fission products move rapidly apart after the nucleus splits. Their motion means the released nuclear energy is transferred largely into their kinetic energy."},{"text":"They are given gravitational potential energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The products are not mainly lifted against gravity. They fly apart at high speed, so the released energy is transferred to their kinetic energy."},{"text":"They are given electrical potential energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The charged products may interact electrically, but their main immediate energy transfer is into motion. The fission products are given kinetic energy as they move apart."},{"text":"They are given chemical energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical energy comes from rearranging electrons and chemical bonds, not from splitting an atomic nucleus. Fission products receive kinetic energy as they are propelled apart."}]},{"id":"29f0b9ca-d7ef-43a2-b33c-8d3b8c710204","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do released neutrons cause a chain reaction?","back":"

They are absorbed by other large nuclei.
Those nuclei then split by fission.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

They are absorbed by other large nuclei.
Those nuclei then split by fission.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Free neutrons from one fission can be absorbed by other large fissile nuclei. Those nuclei then split, releasing more neutrons and continuing the chain reaction."},{"text":"

They are absorbed by electrons around other atoms.
Those atoms then emit visible light.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons and visible light do not continue a fission chain reaction. The neutrons must be absorbed by other large nuclei, which then split by fission."},{"text":"

They are repelled by other large nuclei.
Those nuclei then combine by fusion.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutron absorption, rather than nuclear repulsion, starts the next fission. The affected large nuclei split by fission; they do not combine by fusion."},{"text":"

They are absorbed by small nuclei.
Those nuclei then become stable without splitting.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Small nuclei do not normally provide the repeated fission step needed for a chain reaction. Neutrons are absorbed by other large nuclei, which then split by fission."}]},{"id":"ad760c60-965a-4c34-9a62-67ce86051636","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a nuclear fission chain reaction build up very quickly?","back":"Each fission releases more neutrons, which can trigger further fissions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each fission releases more neutrons, which can trigger further fissions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each fission typically releases two or three neutrons. If these are absorbed by other fissile nuclei, several more fissions can occur, causing rapid multiplication of the reaction."},{"text":"Each fission releases fewer neutrons, which can trigger further fissions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reaction builds quickly because each event releases multiple neutrons, not fewer than the one that initiated it. These extra neutrons can trigger several further fissions."},{"text":"Each fission absorbs more neutrons, which can stop further fissions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorption of a triggering neutron occurs, but rapid growth depends on the release of additional neutrons. Those released neutrons can initiate further fissions throughout the material."},{"text":"Each fission releases more electrons, which can trigger further fissions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons do not normally trigger nuclear fission. The multiplying particles are neutrons: each fission releases more neutrons, allowing them to cause further fissions."}]},{"id":"5c9cb745-ddba-40a5-862e-aecb555050ab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is a nuclear fission chain reaction?","back":"A reaction where neutrons from one fission cause fission in further nuclei.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A reaction where neutrons from one fission cause fission in further nuclei.","correct":true,"explanation":"A chain reaction occurs when neutrons released by one fission trigger fission in additional nuclei. Those events release more neutrons, allowing the process to continue."},{"text":"A reaction where neutrons from one fission cause fusion in further nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"The repeated nuclear process is fission, not fusion. Neutrons released in one fission trigger further large nuclei to split, producing the chain reaction."},{"text":"A reaction where electrons from one fission cause fission in further nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are not the particles that propagate a fission chain reaction. Neutrons released from one fission cause fission in further large nuclei."},{"text":"A reaction where neutrons from one fission cause fission in the original nucleus only.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chain reaction spreads to additional nuclei rather than repeatedly affecting only the original nucleus. Neutrons from one fission cause fission in further nuclei."}]},{"id":"573006b9-9078-4148-8a44-972084598f3c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is the chain reaction controlled in a nuclear reactor?","back":"It is controlled so energy is released steadily and safely.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is controlled so energy is released steadily and safely.","correct":true,"explanation":"Control systems regulate the number of neutrons causing further fissions. This keeps the chain reaction at a steady rate, allowing useful energy release without a runaway explosion."},{"text":"It is controlled so energy is released all at once.","correct":false,"explanation":"Releasing all the energy at once describes an uncontrolled weapon reaction, not normal reactor operation. A reactor maintains a steady and safe rate of energy release."},{"text":"It is controlled so energy is released as slowly as possible.","correct":false,"explanation":"A reactor must release energy at a useful controlled rate, not necessarily the slowest possible rate. Its chain reaction is managed so energy is released steadily and safely."},{"text":"It is controlled so energy is released only when no neutrons remain.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sustained reactor reaction requires some neutrons to continue causing fission. Control limits the reaction to a steady, safe rate rather than removing every neutron."}]},{"id":"68dde327-3c6f-4888-9be1-67035e94eed8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens when the chain reaction in a nuclear weapon is uncontrolled?","back":"An enormous amount of energy is released at once in an explosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An enormous amount of energy is released at once in an explosion.","correct":true,"explanation":"An uncontrolled chain reaction allows fissions to multiply extremely rapidly. The nuclear energy is released in a very short time, producing an enormous explosion."},{"text":"A small amount of energy is released steadily as heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Steady heat release describes a controlled nuclear reactor. In an uncontrolled weapon chain reaction, an enormous amount of energy is released at once in an explosion."},{"text":"An enormous amount of energy is absorbed gradually by the fuel.","correct":false,"explanation":"The uncontrolled reaction does not store the released energy gradually in the fuel. It releases an enormous amount of energy at once, causing an explosion."},{"text":"No nuclear energy is released because the reaction stops immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"An uncontrolled chain reaction does not stop before releasing energy; it rapidly multiplies fissions. The result is an enormous amount of energy released at once in an explosion."}]},{"id":"59aa9b5e-f60d-40c6-8266-054aa7dd31f7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must a uranium-235 nucleus absorb before it splits in induced fission?","back":"A neutron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A neutron.","correct":true,"explanation":"In induced fission, a uranium-235 nucleus absorbs a neutron and becomes unstable. It then splits into smaller nuclei, releasing energy and additional neutrons."},{"text":"A proton.","correct":false,"explanation":"A proton is positively charged and is not the particle normally absorbed to induce uranium-235 fission. The nucleus must absorb a neutron before splitting."},{"text":"An electron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are outside the nucleus and do not initiate induced fission in uranium-235. The required absorbed particle is a neutron."},{"text":"A gamma ray.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not the neutron required to initiate this reaction. Uranium-235 absorbs a neutron before it splits by induced fission."}]},{"id":"8fa003f7-ea61-4e59-b1c5-c19988b6ad2f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large, unstable [ ] into two smaller nuclei.","back":"Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large, unstable nucleus into two smaller nuclei.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"nucleus","correct":true,"explanation":"Fission is specifically the splitting of a large, unstable atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei. The term fits the sentence grammatically and identifies the part of the atom that divides."},{"text":"atom","correct":false,"explanation":"An atom includes electrons as well as its nucleus, but fission splits the nucleus itself. The missing term is nucleus, because the nuclear part divides into smaller nuclei."},{"text":"electron","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are not split into smaller nuclei during fission. The process acts on a large, unstable nucleus, which divides into two smaller nuclei."},{"text":"molecule","correct":false,"explanation":"Molecules can break apart in chemical reactions, but fission is a nuclear process involving a large atomic nucleus. The correct term is nucleus."}]},{"id":"b9926f53-ca8d-4d53-bee9-37addc8a9c55","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The nucleus usually absorbs a [ ] before it undergoes fission.","back":"The nucleus usually absorbs a neutron before it undergoes fission.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"neutron","correct":true,"explanation":"A uranium-235 nucleus usually absorbs a neutron before induced fission. This absorption makes the nucleus sufficiently unstable for it to split into smaller nuclei."},{"text":"proton","correct":false,"explanation":"A proton carries positive charge and is not the particle normally absorbed to trigger uranium-235 fission. The correct missing term is neutron."},{"text":"electron","correct":false,"explanation":"An electron is found outside the nucleus and does not trigger the induced fission process. Uranium-235 usually absorbs a neutron before undergoing fission."},{"text":"gamma ray","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamma ray is electromagnetic radiation rather than the particle absorbed to initiate this reaction. The nucleus absorbs a neutron before it undergoes induced fission."}]},{"id":"2272ae7d-6b89-497c-9f12-639b24083b1a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Fission emits two or three neutrons together with [ ].","back":"Fission emits two or three neutrons together with gamma rays.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gamma rays","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma rays are emitted during fission alongside two or three neutrons. They are high-energy electromagnetic radiation released as the unstable fission products and nucleus lose excess energy."},{"text":"alpha particles","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha particles are not the usual particles emitted in this fission description. The expected accompanying radiation is gamma rays, while fission itself also releases two or three neutrons."},{"text":"beta particles","correct":false,"explanation":"Beta particles may be emitted later by radioactive fission products, but they are not the radiation identified alongside the neutrons in this process. The correct answer is gamma rays."},{"text":"ultraviolet rays","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet rays are electromagnetic radiation but are not the characteristic emission stated for nuclear fission. Fission releases two or three neutrons together with gamma rays."}]},{"id":"bb9aaa9b-0dc7-4c07-a73f-237b0db78012","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The neutrons released by one fission can cause fission in further nuclei, producing a [ ].","back":"The neutrons released by one fission can cause fission in further nuclei, producing a chain reaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"chain reaction","correct":true,"explanation":"A chain reaction occurs when neutrons from one fission cause further nuclei to split. Those fissions release more neutrons, allowing the process to continue through the material."},{"text":"critical mass","correct":false,"explanation":"Critical mass is the minimum mass needed to sustain a chain reaction, not the multiplying sequence itself. The neutrons causing further fissions produce a chain reaction."},{"text":"half-life","correct":false,"explanation":"Half-life describes the time for the activity of a radioactive sample to halve, so it does not describe repeated neutron-induced fissions. The correct term is chain reaction."},{"text":"nuclear fusion","correct":false,"explanation":"Nuclear fusion joins light nuclei together, whereas this process involves neutrons causing further heavy nuclei to split. That continuing sequence of fissions is a chain reaction."}]},{"id":"17057f04-2596-4fc6-9cdb-2890da60efe2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a nuclear reactor, the chain reaction is [ ] so energy is released steadily.","back":"In a nuclear reactor, the chain reaction is controlled so energy is released steadily.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"controlled","correct":true,"explanation":"A reactor controls the chain reaction, commonly using control rods to absorb excess neutrons. This keeps the fission rate steady so energy is released at a manageable rate."},{"text":"uncontrolled","correct":false,"explanation":"An uncontrolled chain reaction increases rapidly and releases energy explosively, which is associated with a nuclear weapon. A reactor uses a controlled chain reaction for steady energy output."},{"text":"reversed","correct":false,"explanation":"A chain reaction is not reversed in a reactor; fission still causes further fission. It is controlled by regulating the number of neutrons available to continue the reaction."},{"text":"stopped","correct":false,"explanation":"Stopping the chain reaction would prevent continuing fissions and therefore would not release energy steadily. In normal operation, the reactor chain reaction is controlled rather than stopped."}]},{"id":"205db1e9-c034-4dde-8182-99f813f53727","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a nuclear weapon, the chain reaction is uncontrolled and releases energy in an [ ].","back":"In a nuclear weapon, the chain reaction is uncontrolled and releases energy in an explosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"explosion","correct":true,"explanation":"In a nuclear weapon, the chain reaction is uncontrolled, so fissions multiply extremely rapidly. The energy is released in a very short time, producing an explosion."},{"text":"steady supply","correct":false,"explanation":"A steady supply describes the gradual energy release intended in a controlled reactor, not the rapid release from an uncontrolled weapon reaction. The correct term is explosion."},{"text":"cooling cycle","correct":false,"explanation":"A cooling cycle removes thermal energy from a reactor system and does not describe the sudden release caused by an uncontrolled chain reaction. That release occurs in an explosion."},{"text":"electrical current","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrical current is the movement of charge in a circuit, not the rapid release of nuclear energy. An uncontrolled weapon chain reaction releases its energy in an explosion."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"4.4.1 Nuclear fission","title":"4.4.1 Nuclear fission Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"71d0b8af-9d4c-5001-a0b0-26aff61bdf8a","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]