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represents a beta particle, an electron, rather than an alpha particle. Alpha decay emits a helium nucleus containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons."},{"text":"$$^{1}_{0}\\text{n}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This represents a neutron, which has mass number 1 and atomic number 0. An alpha particle instead contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons."},{"text":"$$^{1}_{1}\\text{p}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This represents a proton, not an alpha particle. The alpha particle is a helium nucleus with 2 protons and 2 neutrons."}]},{"id":"220de4f0-e726-46b9-8746-3a1a568d0335","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What symbol represents a beta particle in a nuclear equation?","back":"$$^{0}_{-1}\\text{e}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$^{0}_{-1}\\text{e}$","correct":true,"explanation":"A beta particle is a fast electron emitted from the nucleus during beta decay, so it has mass number 0 and atomic number -1."},{"text":"$$^{4}_{2}\\text{He}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This symbol represents an alpha particle, not a beta particle. Beta decay emits a fast electron with mass number 0 and atomic number -1."},{"text":"$$^{1}_{0}\\text{n}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This represents a neutron, which remains inside the nucleus before changing into a proton. A beta particle is the emitted electron."},{"text":"$$^{0}_{+1}\\text{e}$","correct":false,"explanation":"The positive atomic number describes a positron, not the electron emitted in GCSE beta decay equations. A beta particle has atomic number -1."}]},{"id":"29db2bb2-767e-4e89-af12-cba7a1460fa0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must happen to the total mass numbers in a balanced nuclear equation?","back":"The total mass number must be equal on both sides.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The total mass number must be equal on both sides.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nuclear equations conserve nucleon number. Adding the mass numbers of all particles on each side must therefore give the same total."},{"text":"The total mass number must be greater on the product side.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass number is conserved, so it cannot increase on the product side. The total mass number must be equal on both sides."},{"text":"The total atomic number must be equal on both sides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atomic number also has to balance, but this option answers a different requirement. The specific condition here is equal total mass numbers."},{"text":"The total mass number must be smaller on the product side.","correct":false,"explanation":"A smaller product total would mean nucleons had disappeared. Nuclear equations require equal total mass numbers on both sides."}]},{"id":"57b4ba35-7a63-420c-82ec-945e4b818d9e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must happen to the total atomic numbers in a balanced nuclear equation?","back":"The total atomic number must be equal on both sides.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The total atomic number must be equal on both sides.","correct":true,"explanation":"Atomic number represents proton number and charge. Charge and proton number are conserved, so the atomic numbers must total the same on both sides."},{"text":"The total atomic number must be greater on the product side.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proton number is conserved in a balanced nuclear equation, so it cannot increase overall. The total atomic number must be equal on both sides."},{"text":"The total mass number must be equal on both sides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass number must also balance, but this option names the other conservation rule. The requirement asked about atomic number specifically."},{"text":"The total atomic number must be smaller on the product side.","correct":false,"explanation":"A smaller total would violate conservation of charge and proton number. The atomic numbers of all particles must add to equal totals."}]},{"id":"fd52c56c-70b1-4ad7-b474-3e9df34fcfab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does a nucleus emit during alpha decay?","back":"An alpha particle containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An alpha particle containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alpha decay emits a helium nucleus. It contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons, giving it mass number 4 and atomic number 2."},{"text":"A beta particle containing 1 electron.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes beta decay, where a fast electron is emitted. Alpha decay instead releases a helium nucleus containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons."},{"text":"A gamma ray containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation with no mass or charge. The particle containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons is an alpha particle."},{"text":"A neutron containing 1 proton and 1 neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"A neutron has no protons and consists of one nucleon. Alpha decay emits a helium nucleus made from 2 protons and 2 neutrons."}]},{"id":"a9ae8658-e16d-42a5-ae22-af50f63784da","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does alpha decay reduce the mass number?","back":"The nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons, reducing the mass number by 4.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons, reducing the mass number by 4.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mass number counts protons and neutrons. Losing 2 of each removes 4 nucleons, so the daughter nucleus has a mass number four lower."},{"text":"The nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons, reducing the mass number by 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"The particles lost total 4 nucleons, not 2. Alpha decay reduces mass number by 4 because the emitted alpha particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons."},{"text":"The nucleus loses 1 proton and 1 neutron, reducing the mass number by 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"This halves the contents of an alpha particle. Alpha decay removes 2 protons and 2 neutrons, reducing mass number by 4."},{"text":"The nucleus loses 2 protons, reducing the mass number by 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass number includes neutrons as well as protons. The emitted alpha particle removes 2 protons and 2 neutrons, so the reduction is 4."}]},{"id":"3377cea9-2e54-4289-879f-a983772f385f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does alpha decay reduce the atomic number?","back":"The nucleus loses 2 protons, reducing the atomic number by 2.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The nucleus loses 2 protons, reducing the atomic number by 2.","correct":true,"explanation":"Atomic number is the number of protons. An alpha particle carries away 2 protons, so the daughter nucleus has atomic number two lower."},{"text":"The nucleus loses 2 protons, reducing the atomic number by 4.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atomic number counts protons, not all nucleons. Losing 2 protons reduces atomic number by 2; the reduction of 4 applies to mass number."},{"text":"The nucleus loses 1 proton, reducing the atomic number by 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"An alpha particle contains 2 protons, so one proton is not removed. The daughter nucleus therefore has atomic number two lower."},{"text":"The nucleus loses 2 neutrons, reducing the atomic number by 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons affect mass number but not atomic number. Alpha decay removes 2 protons as well, and those protons cause the atomic-number reduction."}]},{"id":"5fcd0e4c-8619-4ef1-b73b-fdbbce09349a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens inside the nucleus during beta decay?","back":"A neutron turns into a proton.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A neutron turns into a proton.","correct":true,"explanation":"During beta decay, a neutron changes into a proton inside the nucleus. The emitted electron is the beta particle associated with this change."},{"text":"A proton turns into a neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the GCSE beta-minus process. In beta decay of this type, a neutron becomes a proton, causing atomic number to increase by 1."},{"text":"A neutron splits into two protons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Beta decay changes one neutron into one proton, not two protons. The mass number stays unchanged because the number of nucleons remains constant."},{"text":"A proton emits an alpha particle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha emission releases 2 protons and 2 neutrons from the nucleus. Beta decay instead involves a neutron changing into a proton."}]},{"id":"deff9188-edc6-469f-9784-97ee6474bf83","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What particle is emitted during beta decay?","back":"A fast electron, called a beta particle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fast electron, called a beta particle.","correct":true,"explanation":"In GCSE nuclear equations, beta decay emits a fast electron. This electron is called a beta particle and has mass number 0 and charge -1."},{"text":"A fast proton, called a beta particle.","correct":false,"explanation":"A proton remains in the daughter nucleus after the neutron changes. The emitted beta particle is a fast electron, not a proton."},{"text":"A fast helium nucleus, called a beta particle.","correct":false,"explanation":"A helium nucleus is an alpha particle, containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Beta decay emits an electron instead."},{"text":"A fast photon, called a beta particle.","correct":false,"explanation":"A photon is electromagnetic radiation and may be emitted as a gamma ray. A beta particle is specifically the fast electron from beta decay."}]},{"id":"3dbda235-64c0-40cd-921e-57311f7ee7dd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the mass number unchanged in beta decay?","back":"A neutron becomes a proton, so the total number of nucleons stays the same.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A neutron becomes a proton, so the total number of nucleons stays the same.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both a neutron and a proton count as one nucleon. Changing one into the other preserves the total number of nucleons and therefore the mass number."},{"text":"A neutron becomes a proton, so the total number of nucleons increases by 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The neutron is not added to the nucleus as well as the proton; it changes into the proton. The nucleon total stays the same."},{"text":"A proton becomes a neutron, so the total number of nucleons decreases by 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Beta decay changes one nucleon into another, rather than removing one. In the relevant process, a neutron becomes a proton and mass number is unchanged."},{"text":"A neutron disappears, so the total number of nucleons decreases by 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The neutron changes identity instead of disappearing. It becomes a proton, so the total number of nucleons remains constant."}]},{"id":"50e96d79-ba9d-43d2-90fc-3370e6e743eb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to the atomic number during beta decay?","back":"It increases by 1 because a neutron becomes a proton.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It increases by 1 because a neutron becomes a proton.","correct":true,"explanation":"Atomic number counts protons. When one neutron changes into a proton, the nucleus gains one proton, so its atomic number increases by 1."},{"text":"It decreases by 1 because a neutron becomes a proton.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing a neutron into a proton adds a proton rather than removing one. Therefore atomic number increases by 1, while mass number stays unchanged."},{"text":"It increases by 2 because a neutron becomes a proton.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only one neutron changes into one proton, so the proton number rises by one. An increase of two is associated with losing or gaining two protons."},{"text":"It stays the same because a neutron becomes a proton.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons do not contribute to atomic number, whereas protons do. Replacing one neutron with a proton therefore increases atomic number by 1."}]},{"id":"a019ad1e-55cf-48eb-ad91-e85bf6404cd2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a gamma ray carry away?","back":"Energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gamma ray is electromagnetic radiation emitted when an excited nucleus loses excess energy. It carries energy but has no mass or charge."},{"text":"Two protons and two neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Those particles make up an alpha particle, not a gamma ray. Gamma emission transfers excess nuclear energy without removing nucleons."},{"text":"One electron and one neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamma rays are photons, not combinations of matter particles. They carry away excess energy from the nucleus and have no mass or charge."},{"text":"Positive charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamma ray has no charge, so it cannot carry positive charge away from the nucleus. Its relevant property here is carried energy."}]},{"id":"0c15c25d-1cf0-4c8c-813c-14ba24495b26","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does gamma emission not change the mass or charge of a nucleus?","back":"A gamma ray has no mass and no charge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gamma ray has no mass and no charge.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma rays are photons of electromagnetic radiation. They carry energy but have neither mass number nor charge, so the nucleus's mass and charge remain unchanged."},{"text":"A gamma ray has mass but no charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamma ray carries energy but is massless. Since it also has no charge, gamma emission changes neither the mass nor charge of the nucleus."},{"text":"A gamma ray has no mass but a negative charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"The negative charge belongs to a beta particle, which is an electron. Gamma rays are uncharged photons with no mass."},{"text":"A gamma ray has the same mass and charge as an alpha particle.","correct":false,"explanation":"An alpha particle has mass number 4 and charge 2, whereas a gamma ray is a massless, uncharged photon. They affect nuclei differently."}]},{"id":"c9eaeb97-dd35-44bd-94e6-34af9e36c705","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In $^{222}_{86}\\text{Rn} \\rightarrow\\ ^{218}_{84}\\text{X} + ^{4}_{2}\\text{He}$, what are the mass and atomic numbers of X?","back":"X has mass number 218 and atomic number 84.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"X has mass number 218 and atomic number 84.","correct":true,"explanation":"Conservation of mass number gives 222 = A + 4, so A = 218. Conservation of atomic number gives 86 = Z + 2, so Z = 84."},{"text":"X has mass number 218 and atomic number 88.","correct":false,"explanation":"The mass calculation is correct, but atomic number must satisfy 86 = Z + 2. Therefore X has atomic number 84, not 88."},{"text":"X has mass number 226 and atomic number 84.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the alpha mass number instead of subtracting it gives 226. Balancing 222 = A + 4 gives mass number 218, while atomic number is 84."},{"text":"X has mass number 218 and atomic number 86.","correct":false,"explanation":"The mass number is balanced correctly, but the emitted alpha particle carries atomic number 2. Thus 86 = Z + 2, giving X atomic number 84."}]},{"id":"3046ff83-c0ce-4183-8a5f-7b6d7d1f5fc4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In alpha decay, the mass number falls by [ ], while the atomic number falls by 2.","back":"In alpha decay, the mass number falls by 4, while the atomic number falls by 2.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"4","correct":true,"explanation":"An alpha particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons, so it removes 4 nucleons. The mass number therefore falls by 4."},{"text":"2","correct":false,"explanation":"Two is the reduction in atomic number because 2 protons are lost. Mass number also includes 2 neutrons, so it falls by 4."},{"text":"1","correct":false,"explanation":"One would represent losing a single nucleon, which is not alpha decay. An alpha particle contains four nucleons, so mass number falls by 4."},{"text":"6","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha decay removes 2 protons and 2 neutrons, not six nucleons. The total loss is four, so the mass number falls by 4."}]},{"id":"3f7c7b31-79f0-4c01-bfe1-1c573219fab9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In alpha decay, the mass number falls by 4, while the atomic number falls by [ ].","back":"In alpha decay, the mass number falls by 4, while the atomic number falls by 2.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2","correct":true,"explanation":"Atomic number counts protons, and an alpha particle contains 2 protons. Alpha decay therefore lowers the atomic number by 2."},{"text":"4","correct":false,"explanation":"Four is the reduction in mass number because the alpha particle contains four nucleons. Only its 2 protons affect atomic number."},{"text":"1","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha decay removes two protons, not one. Since atomic number equals proton number, the atomic number falls by 2."},{"text":"0","correct":false,"explanation":"Atomic number would stay unchanged only if no protons were lost. An alpha particle carries away 2 protons, reducing atomic number by 2."}]},{"id":"94c3278b-773c-488f-84b7-e93456d94e0d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In beta decay, the mass number stays [ ], while the atomic number goes up by 1.","back":"In beta decay, the mass number stays the same, while the atomic number goes up by 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"the same","correct":true,"explanation":"Beta decay converts a neutron into a proton, emitting an electron, so the total number of protons and neutrons stays constant and the mass number remains the same."},{"text":"one less","correct":false,"explanation":"A decrease of one would incorrectly suggest that a nucleon has been lost. In beta decay, a neutron changes into a proton, so the mass number stays the same."},{"text":"one more","correct":false,"explanation":"An increase of one confuses beta decay with a process that adds a nucleon. Beta decay changes a neutron into a proton without changing the total mass number."},{"text":"zero","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero would mean the nucleus has no nucleons, which is not what beta decay does. The neutron-to-proton conversion preserves the total number of nucleons, so the mass number stays the same."}]},{"id":"09d08787-b50f-4b10-9c3f-b98561363c03","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In beta decay, the mass number stays the same, while the atomic number goes up by [ ].","back":"In beta decay, the mass number stays the same, while the atomic number goes up by 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1","correct":true,"explanation":"In beta decay, a neutron changes into a proton and an electron is emitted. The extra proton increases the atomic number by 1, while the mass number remains unchanged."},{"text":"2","correct":false,"explanation":"An increase of 2 would require two additional protons, but beta decay changes only one neutron into one proton. Therefore, the atomic number rises by 1."},{"text":"0","correct":false,"explanation":"No change in atomic number would describe gamma emission, not beta decay. Beta decay creates one extra proton, so the atomic number increases by 1."},{"text":"1 less","correct":false,"explanation":"A decrease of 1 reverses the effect of beta decay and confuses it with alpha decay. Beta decay changes a neutron into a proton, increasing the atomic number by 1."}]},{"id":"a0704ec7-4df6-483b-8a2b-b3fc373d7dda","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gamma emission changes neither the [ ] nor the atomic number.","back":"Gamma emission changes neither the mass number nor the atomic number.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mass number","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma emission releases energy from an excited nucleus without changing its protons or neutrons. Since the number of nucleons is unchanged, neither the mass number nor atomic number changes."},{"text":"neutron number","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamma emission does not alter the neutron number, but the sentence asks for the quantity paired with atomic number. The correct term is mass number, which counts all nucleons."},{"text":"electron number","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron number is not changed by gamma emission, but it is not the nuclear quantity intended here. Gamma emission changes neither the mass number nor atomic number."},{"text":"energy level","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamma emission does change the nucleus's energy level, so this cannot complete the statement that something remains unchanged. The unchanged nuclear quantity is the mass number."}]},{"id":"45c846ce-cb02-4aad-867e-eafe562bde9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gamma emission changes neither the mass number nor the [ ].","back":"Gamma emission changes neither the mass number nor the atomic number.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"atomic number","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma emission releases a photon as an excited nucleus loses energy. It changes neither the number of protons, represented by the atomic number, nor the total nucleons, represented by mass number."},{"text":"neutron number","correct":false,"explanation":"The neutron number also remains unchanged during gamma emission, but it is not the required term in this card. The standard nuclear quantities are mass number and atomic number."},{"text":"energy level","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamma emission occurs when the nucleus moves to a lower energy level, so its energy level does change. The atomic number remains unchanged because no protons are added or removed."},{"text":"mass number","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass number is unchanged in gamma emission, but it is already the first quantity in the sentence. The second unchanged quantity is atomic number, because the proton count stays constant."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"4.2.2 Nuclear equations","title":"4.2.2 Nuclear equations Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"f7adc212-eb13-5e55-964c-d955acc8405e","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]