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This gravitational force acting on the object is what physicists call its weight."},{"text":"Friction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Friction opposes relative motion between surfaces in contact; it does not give an object weight. Weight is the force caused by gravity acting on the object."},{"text":"Magnetism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetism acts only on magnets, magnetic materials and moving charges, so it cannot account for every object’s weight. Weight is produced by gravity."},{"text":"Upthrust.","correct":false,"explanation":"Upthrust is an upward force exerted by a fluid and can oppose weight. Gravity is the force that actually gives an object its weight."}]},{"id":"9d46db82-9b8a-40e4-b73e-b186215fe6d6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What unit must be used for weight?","back":"Newtons ($\\text{N}$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Newtons ($\\text{N}$).","correct":true,"explanation":"Weight is a force, and the SI unit of force is the newton. Therefore, weight measurements must be given in newtons, with the symbol $\\text{N}$."},{"text":"Kilograms ($\\text{kg}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Kilograms measure mass, not weight. Because weight is a force caused by gravity, its correct unit is newtons, written with the symbol $\\text{N}$."},{"text":"Joules ($\\text{J}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules measure energy or work done, not force. Weight is a force and must therefore be measured in newtons, with the symbol $\\text{N}$."},{"text":"Pascals ($\\text{Pa}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Pascals measure pressure, which is force per unit area, rather than force itself. Weight is measured in newtons, represented by the symbol $\\text{N}$."}]},{"id":"7f00cda7-6c13-4189-b088-549193a779d6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mass is measured in [ ], whereas weight is measured in newtons ($\\text{N}$).","back":"Mass is measured in kilograms ($\\text{kg}$), whereas weight is measured in newtons ($\\text{N}$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"kilograms ($\\text{kg}$)","correct":true,"explanation":"Mass describes the amount of matter in an object and is measured in kilograms, with the symbol $\\text{kg}$. Weight, by contrast, is a force measured in newtons."},{"text":"newtons ($\\text{N}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Newtons measure force, including weight, rather than mass. The SI unit used to measure an object’s mass is kilograms, with the symbol $\\text{kg}$."},{"text":"joules ($\\text{J}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules measure energy and work done, not the amount of matter in an object. Mass is measured in kilograms, with the symbol $\\text{kg}$."},{"text":"pascals ($\\text{Pa}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Pascals measure pressure, so this confuses mass with force per unit area. Mass is measured in kilograms, represented by the symbol $\\text{kg}$."}]},{"id":"5da05c8a-1c84-49bf-98f6-9890ff3d834a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mass is measured in kilograms ($\\text{kg}$), whereas weight is measured in [ ].","back":"Mass is measured in kilograms ($\\text{kg}$), whereas weight is measured in newtons ($\\text{N}$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"newtons ($\\text{N}$)","correct":true,"explanation":"Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object. As force is measured in newtons, the correct unit for weight is newtons, with the symbol $\\text{N}$."},{"text":"kilograms ($\\text{kg}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Kilograms measure mass, which remains distinct from the gravitational force on an object. Weight is a force, so it is measured in newtons, written $\\text{N}$."},{"text":"joules ($\\text{J}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules measure energy or work done, not the gravitational force acting on an object. Weight is measured in newtons, represented by the symbol $\\text{N}$."},{"text":"watts ($\\text{W}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Watts measure power, meaning the rate of energy transfer, rather than force. Weight is a force and is therefore measured in newtons, with symbol $\\text{N}$."}]},{"id":"4aa0de07-5c50-4375-84cc-2b739a0ccb09","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to an object's mass when it moves to a different gravitational field?","back":"It remains constant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It remains constant.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mass measures the amount of matter in an object and does not depend on gravitational field strength. It therefore remains constant when the object moves elsewhere."},{"text":"It becomes greater.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stronger gravitational field increases weight, not mass. The object still contains the same amount of matter, so its mass remains constant when it moves."},{"text":"It becomes smaller.","correct":false,"explanation":"A weaker gravitational field reduces weight, which is often confused with mass. The amount of matter is unchanged, so the object’s mass remains constant."},{"text":"It becomes zero.","correct":false,"explanation":"Even where gravitational field strength is negligible, an object still contains matter and has mass. Its mass remains constant rather than falling to zero."}]},{"id":"4a7af4c4-a311-4249-8930-9c37e2132bf8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can happen to an object's weight in a different gravitational field?","back":"It can change.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can change.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weight is given by $W = mg$, so changing gravitational field strength $g$ changes weight even though the object’s mass $m$ remains constant."},{"text":"It must stay constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses weight with mass, which does remain constant. Since $W = mg$, an object’s weight changes when the gravitational field strength $g$ changes."},{"text":"It must become zero.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving to a different field does not necessarily remove gravity altogether. Weight can increase or decrease according to $W = mg$, depending on the new field strength."},{"text":"It must equal its mass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weight and mass are different quantities with different units, so they do not generally have equal values. Weight can change because $W = mg$ depends on field strength."}]},{"id":"66f993a7-86e7-41cd-aec4-e40746197de5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In which direction does Earth's gravitational field pull an object?","back":"Towards the centre of the Earth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Towards the centre of the Earth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Earth’s gravitational field is attractive and approximately radial. It pulls objects towards Earth’s centre, which is the local direction described as vertically downwards."},{"text":"Away from the centre of the Earth.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of gravitational attraction. Earth’s gravity pulls masses inwards towards the planet’s centre rather than pushing them away from it."},{"text":"Along the surface of the Earth.","correct":false,"explanation":"A direction along Earth’s surface is perpendicular to the local gravitational field. Gravity acts approximately radially, pulling the object towards Earth’s centre."},{"text":"Towards the Earth’s north pole.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity does not generally pull objects towards a geographic pole. At each location it acts approximately towards Earth’s centre, giving the local downward direction."}]},{"id":"f4a5f16d-98e5-42d0-9809-eb55ee0fc5f3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the unit of gravitational field strength, $g$?","back":"Newtons per kilogram ($\\text{N/kg}$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Newtons per kilogram ($\\text{N/kg}$).","correct":true,"explanation":"Gravitational field strength is force per unit mass, so its unit is newtons divided by kilograms. This is written as $\\text{N/kg}$."},{"text":"Newtons per metre ($\\text{N/m}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Newtons per metre can describe a spring constant, not gravitational field strength. Since $g$ is force per unit mass, its unit is $\\text{N/kg}$."},{"text":"Kilograms per newton ($\\text{kg/N}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"This inverts the required ratio, giving mass per unit force. Gravitational field strength is force per unit mass, so its unit is $\\text{N/kg}$."},{"text":"Newtons per second ($\\text{N/s}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Newtons per second describes a rate of change of force, not gravitational field strength. Field strength is force per kilogram, measured in $\\text{N/kg}$."}]},{"id":"b6d22b68-e55f-4b2e-9048-d0d4f7f366e8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does gravitational field strength describe?","back":"The force on each kilogram of mass.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The force on each kilogram of mass.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gravitational field strength is defined as force per unit mass. It states how many newtons of gravitational force act on each kilogram placed in the field."},{"text":"The mass in each newton of weight.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the defining ratio and would correspond to kilograms per newton. Gravitational field strength describes the force on each kilogram of mass."},{"text":"The energy in each kilogram of mass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy per kilogram describes specific energy or gravitational potential, not gravitational field strength. Field strength is the gravitational force acting on each kilogram of mass."},{"text":"The force on each metre of distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force per metre is associated with quantities such as spring stiffness, not gravitational field strength. Gravitational field strength describes force on each kilogram of mass."}]},{"id":"cab2ca99-4547-4053-9169-0b78359cee02","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Weight is calculated using $\\text{[...]}$, where $g$ is gravitational field strength.","back":"Weight is calculated using $\\boxed{W = mg}$, where $g$ is gravitational field strength.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$W = mg$","correct":true,"explanation":"An object’s weight equals its mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength. Thus $W = mg$, producing weight in newtons when compatible SI units are used."},{"text":"$$W = \\frac{m}{g}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing mass by field strength gives neither weight nor the correct units. Weight is found by multiplying mass by gravitational field strength: $W = mg$."},{"text":"$$W = \\frac{g}{m}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses and divides the quantities instead of combining force per kilogram with kilograms. The correct relationship is $W = mg$, giving a force in newtons."},{"text":"$$W = m + g$","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass and gravitational field strength have different units, so they cannot be added. Weight is calculated by multiplying them using the relationship $W = mg$."}]},{"id":"71581cfe-e40e-43ac-af11-b39c81770dec","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Weight is calculated using $W = mg$, where $g$ is [ ].","back":"Weight is calculated using $W = mg$, where $g$ is gravitational field strength.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gravitational field strength","correct":true,"explanation":"In $W = mg$, $g$ represents gravitational field strength: the gravitational force acting per kilogram of mass, usually measured in $\\text{N/kg}$."},{"text":"gravitational potential energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravitational potential energy is measured in joules and is not the multiplier in the weight equation. In $W = mg$, $g$ represents gravitational field strength."},{"text":"the object’s acceleration","correct":false,"explanation":"Although gravitational field strength has the equivalent unit $\\text{m/s}^2$, $g$ in this weight equation specifically denotes gravitational field strength, not any acceleration of the object."},{"text":"the object’s weight","correct":false,"explanation":"Weight is represented by $W$, not $g$, in this equation. The symbol $g$ denotes gravitational field strength, which determines weight for a given mass."}]},{"id":"c830cc3d-26d0-4a8c-96d0-71e00f45881a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which instrument measures weight?","back":"A newtonmeter (calibrated spring-balance).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A newtonmeter (calibrated spring-balance).","correct":true,"explanation":"A newtonmeter measures force by relating the extension of a calibrated spring to force. Since weight is a force, it gives a reading in newtons."},{"text":"A kilogram balance (calibrated mass-balance).","correct":false,"explanation":"A balance is used to determine mass rather than directly measuring weight as a force. Weight is measured in newtons using a newtonmeter with a calibrated spring."},{"text":"A thermometer (calibrated temperature-scale).","correct":false,"explanation":"A thermometer measures temperature through a temperature-dependent physical property, not force. Weight is measured using a newtonmeter, whose calibrated spring extends under the force."},{"text":"A barometer (calibrated pressure-gauge).","correct":false,"explanation":"A barometer measures atmospheric pressure rather than an object’s gravitational force. A newtonmeter measures weight through the extension of its calibrated spring."}]},{"id":"cc3aa7c5-1db3-4985-8bbc-8f809a1260c8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does an object produce a reading on a newtonmeter?","back":"The object's weight stretches the spring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The object's weight stretches the spring.","correct":true,"explanation":"The object’s downward weight applies a force to the newtonmeter’s spring. The calibrated amount of spring extension then provides the weight reading in newtons."},{"text":"The object's weight compresses the spring.","correct":false,"explanation":"A hanging object pulls on the newtonmeter rather than pushing into it, so the spring extends instead of compressing. This extension is calibrated to show weight."},{"text":"The object's mass heats the spring.","correct":false,"explanation":"A newtonmeter does not infer weight from a temperature change. The object’s weight pulls on and stretches the calibrated spring, producing the reading."},{"text":"The object's volume twists the spring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volume does not directly operate a newtonmeter, and the usual spring balance responds by extension rather than twisting. The object’s weight stretches its calibrated spring."}]},{"id":"77d7b164-63f4-4fbd-acdf-84777a3e3a36","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"From which point is the weight arrow drawn on a force diagram?","back":"At its centre of mass.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At its centre of mass.","correct":true,"explanation":"For a force diagram, the object’s distributed gravitational force is represented as a single weight force acting from its centre of mass, directed vertically downwards."},{"text":"At its lowest surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drawing weight from the bottom confuses it with a contact force acting at a surface. Weight is represented as acting from the object’s centre of mass."},{"text":"At its point of contact.","correct":false,"explanation":"Normal contact and friction forces may act at a contact point, but weight does not. Its arrow is drawn from the object’s centre of mass."},{"text":"At its geometric corner.","correct":false,"explanation":"A corner is not the representative point through which the object’s gravitational force acts. The weight arrow must be drawn from the centre of mass."}]},{"id":"9f849bc7-a7be-4f88-a34f-75e5364b0ee8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The centre of mass is the point where an object's [ ]. The weight arrow points vertically downwards.","back":"The centre of mass is the point where an object's weight may be considered to act. The weight arrow points vertically downwards.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"weight may be considered to act","correct":true,"explanation":"Gravity acts throughout an object, but its overall effect can be represented by one weight force acting at the centre of mass in a force diagram."},{"text":"mass may be considered to vanish","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass does not vanish at any point in an object; it is distributed throughout its material. The centre of mass is where the object’s weight may be considered to act."},{"text":"friction may be considered to act","correct":false,"explanation":"Friction acts at contact surfaces and depends on interactions between those surfaces. The centre of mass is instead the point where the object’s weight may be considered to act."},{"text":"upthrust may be considered to act","correct":false,"explanation":"Upthrust is represented as acting through the centre of buoyancy, which need not match the centre of mass. Weight may be considered to act at the centre of mass."}]},{"id":"67410d33-cf20-414f-8774-e69f8ea1e9d1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The centre of mass is the point where an object's weight may be considered to act. The weight arrow points [ ].","back":"The centre of mass is the point where an object's weight may be considered to act. The weight arrow points vertically downwards.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"vertically downwards","correct":true,"explanation":"The weight arrow follows the local direction of Earth’s gravitational field. Near Earth’s surface this is vertically downwards, approximately towards the planet’s centre."},{"text":"vertically upwards","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of weight and instead resembles an upward support force or upthrust. Weight acts vertically downwards, towards Earth’s centre."},{"text":"horizontally forwards","correct":false,"explanation":"Horizontal motion does not determine the direction of weight, so an object can move forwards while gravity acts downwards. The weight arrow points vertically downwards."},{"text":"horizontally backwards","correct":false,"explanation":"Weight does not automatically oppose an object’s horizontal motion; that misconception confuses it with resistance. The gravitational force arrow points vertically downwards."}]},{"id":"5647db4c-deab-4ff2-8e36-7821c74638bc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is treating weight as acting only at the centre of mass a model?","back":"Weight really acts on all parts of the object.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Weight really acts on all parts of the object.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weight is distributed throughout an object because every part experiences a gravitational force. Representing the combined effect at the centre of mass simplifies calculations, so it is a model."},{"text":"Weight really acts on the centre of mass only of the object.","correct":false,"explanation":"The centre of mass is where the overall effect is represented, not the only location where gravity acts. Every part of the object experiences gravitational force."},{"text":"Weight really acts on the lowest point of the object.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity acts on every part of the object, regardless of height. Choosing the lowest point would not represent the combined force correctly, whereas the centre of mass provides the model."},{"text":"Weight really acts on the highest point of the object.","correct":false,"explanation":"The uppermost part is not uniquely responsible for the object's weight. Gravitational force acts throughout the object, and the total effect is modelled as acting at its centre of mass."}]},{"id":"511d026a-7a82-4355-819d-abfe4fc06121","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If mass doubles while $g$ is constant, what happens to weight?","back":"It doubles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It doubles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weight is calculated using $W = mg$. With gravitational field strength unchanged, doubling the mass doubles the product and therefore doubles the weight."},{"text":"It halves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Halving the weight would result from halving the mass while keeping $g$ constant. Since $W = mg$, doubling the mass instead doubles the weight."},{"text":"It stays the same.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weight depends directly on mass when $g$ is constant. Keeping the weight unchanged would incorrectly treat mass as unrelated to gravitational force."},{"text":"It quadruples.","correct":false,"explanation":"A fourfold increase would require the mass to quadruple, because weight is directly proportional to mass. Doubling the mass produces exactly twice the weight."}]},{"id":"f1f1a9bb-76d4-4906-bf0b-4d3e97252e80","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What shape is a graph of weight against mass at constant $g$?","back":"A straight line through the origin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A straight line through the origin.","correct":true,"explanation":"Since $W = mg$, weight is directly proportional to mass when $g$ is constant. Direct proportionality is shown by a straight line passing through the origin."},{"text":"A straight line not through the origin.","correct":false,"explanation":"A non-zero intercept would suggest an additional constant force or an error. For weight proportional to mass, zero mass must give zero weight, so the line passes through the origin."},{"text":"A curved line through the origin.","correct":false,"explanation":"A curve would indicate that the ratio of weight to mass changes. At constant gravitational field strength, $W = mg$ gives a constant ratio and therefore a straight line."},{"text":"A horizontal line above the origin.","correct":false,"explanation":"A horizontal graph would mean weight remains constant as mass changes. Weight increases in direct proportion to mass, giving a rising straight line through the origin."}]},{"id":"43ea3957-7682-489d-b6bd-d4ac1a2cc45e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a steeper weight-against-mass graph indicate?","back":"A larger gravitational field strength.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A larger gravitational field strength.","correct":true,"explanation":"The gradient of a weight-against-mass graph is $g$, because $W = mg$. A steeper gradient therefore represents a larger gravitational field strength."},{"text":"A smaller gravitational field strength.","correct":false,"explanation":"The gradient equals gravitational field strength, so a smaller value of $g$ would produce a less steep line. A steeper graph indicates a larger gravitational field strength."},{"text":"A larger mass for every object.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass is the horizontal-axis variable, while the gradient represents $g$. Changing the mass changes a point's position, not the gradient that indicates gravitational field strength."},{"text":"A smaller weight for every object.","correct":false,"explanation":"For a given mass, a steeper gradient gives a greater weight because $W = mg$. A smaller weight would correspond to a lower gradient, not a steeper one."}]},{"id":"5ef2e0c3-7aac-4ef1-a6d3-71261ed42768","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Calculate the weight of a $60\\ \\text{kg}$ student where $g = 9.8\\ \\text{N/kg}$.","back":"$588\\ \\text{N}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$588\\ \\text{N}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Use $W = mg$: multiplying $60\\u00a0\\text{kg}$ by $9.8\\u00a0\\text{N/kg}$ gives $588\\u00a0\\text{N}$. The kilogram units cancel, leaving newtons."},{"text":"$58.8\\u00a0\\text{N}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from using $6$ kg instead of $60$ kg, a factor-of-ten place-value error. Substituting the stated mass into $W = mg$ gives $588\\u00a0\\text{N}$."},{"text":"$600\\u00a0\\text{N}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the estimate obtained by rounding $g$ to $10\\u00a0\\text{N/kg}$. Using the specified $9.8\\u00a0\\text{N/kg}$ gives the more precise result, $588\\u00a0\\text{N}$."},{"text":"$69.8\\u00a0\\text{N}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding mass and gravitational field strength is not the weight equation and also mixes incompatible quantities. Weight requires multiplication: $W = 60 \\times 9.8 = 588\\u00a0\\text{N}$."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"5.1.3 Gravity","title":"5.1.3 Gravity Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"06e55b93-9590-5f97-86d9-9b299417d5d3","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]