33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/1v7-q4zzl2fns.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2m1dtj0n_xz6s.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0jc3w6252l68r.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0m6ugdwrai1f_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/45cmtp04k1pss.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2olvbq0sf9-5z.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/010qo3utd-62u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19lmphcb49b91.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/419xcquz-q3mx.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/1v7-q4zzl2fns.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2m1dtj0n_xz6s.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0jc3w6252l68r.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0m6ugdwrai1f_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/45cmtp04k1pss.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2olvbq0sf9-5z.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/010qo3utd-62u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19lmphcb49b91.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/419xcquz-q3mx.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/1v7-q4zzl2fns.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2m1dtj0n_xz6s.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0jc3w6252l68r.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0m6ugdwrai1f_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/45cmtp04k1pss.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2olvbq0sf9-5z.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/010qo3utd-62u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19lmphcb49b91.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/419xcquz-q3mx.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/1v7-q4zzl2fns.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2m1dtj0n_xz6s.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0jc3w6252l68r.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0m6ugdwrai1f_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/45cmtp04k1pss.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2olvbq0sf9-5z.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/010qo3utd-62u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19lmphcb49b91.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/419xcquz-q3mx.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/physics/aqa/factors-affecting-braking-distance-2/flashcards","label":"5.6.3d Factors affecting braking distance 2","subjectCode":"gcse_physics__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"eb7fdf69-8283-4c5d-b6c2-ae1bb84ac091","title":"5.6.3d Factors affecting braking distance 2 Flashcards","topicId":"fb2a12a9-73db-5ed8-8e22-5ddd679e980a","topicSlug":"factors-affecting-braking-distance-2","cards":[{"id":"31dd697a-96ff-4f0c-903d-f774ea18f08d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When a vehicle brakes, where is its kinetic energy transferred?","back":"Kinetic energy is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the brakes and surroundings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Kinetic energy is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the brakes and surroundings.","correct":true,"explanation":"Braking transfers the vehicle’s kinetic energy mainly into thermal energy stores in the brakes, tyres, road and surrounding air, so the vehicle loses kinetic energy and slows down."},{"text":"Kinetic energy is transferred to the gravitational potential energy store of the vehicle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Braking does not mainly raise the vehicle, so gravitational potential energy is not the destination. The vehicle’s kinetic energy is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the brakes and surroundings."},{"text":"Kinetic energy is transferred to the elastic energy stores of the brakes and surroundings.","correct":false,"explanation":"The brakes and surroundings do not store the transferred energy mainly by being stretched or compressed. Friction transfers the vehicle’s kinetic energy to their thermal energy stores."},{"text":"Kinetic energy is transferred to the chemical energy store of the fuel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Braking uses friction rather than combustion, so the energy is not transferred to the fuel’s chemical store. It is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the brakes and surroundings."}]},{"id":"46b6e801-c518-4861-b6f8-7a4257aa4f8f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the temperature of the brakes increase during braking?","back":"The brakes' temperature increases as energy is transferred to their thermal energy store.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The brakes' temperature increases as energy is transferred to their thermal energy store.","correct":true,"explanation":"Friction between the braking components transfers energy to the brakes’ thermal energy store. Increasing that store raises the brakes’ temperature."},{"text":"The brakes' temperature decreases as energy is transferred to their thermal energy store.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding energy to a thermal energy store increases, rather than decreases, temperature. Friction transfers energy into the brakes’ thermal energy store, making their temperature increase."},{"text":"The brakes' temperature increases as energy is transferred to their kinetic energy store.","correct":false,"explanation":"The brakes are not gaining useful kinetic energy during braking. Friction transfers energy to their thermal energy store, which is why the brakes’ temperature increases."},{"text":"The brakes' temperature decreases as energy is transferred to their kinetic energy store.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither the temperature decrease nor the kinetic-energy destination is correct. Friction transfers energy into the brakes’ thermal energy store, causing their temperature to increase."}]},{"id":"6617096a-33da-4fd5-b6d4-81b8acb7f0d3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is braking force?","back":"Braking force is the friction force acting against a vehicle's motion when its brakes are applied.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Braking force is the friction force acting against a vehicle's motion when its brakes are applied.","correct":true,"explanation":"Braking force is the frictional force produced when the brakes are applied, and it acts opposite to the vehicle’s motion, reducing its speed."},{"text":"Braking force is the driving force acting in the same direction as a vehicle's motion when its brakes are applied.","correct":false,"explanation":"A driving force would act in the direction of motion and increase speed, which reverses the effect of braking. Braking force is friction acting against the vehicle’s motion."},{"text":"Braking force is the gravitational force acting vertically downwards on a vehicle when its brakes are applied.","correct":false,"explanation":"The vehicle’s weight acts vertically downwards, not along its direction of travel. Braking force is the friction force opposing motion when the brakes are applied."},{"text":"Braking force is the resultant force acting forwards on a vehicle when its brakes are applied.","correct":false,"explanation":"The resultant force from braking acts opposite the vehicle’s motion, not forwards. Braking force specifically means the friction force acting against motion when the brakes are applied."}]},{"id":"1812061e-b66a-4128-9df7-1db4e5aff4ab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does friction between the brakes and wheels make a vehicle slow down?","back":"Work done reduces the vehicle's kinetic energy store, causing it to slow down.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Work done reduces the vehicle's kinetic energy store, causing it to slow down.","correct":true,"explanation":"Friction does work against the vehicle’s motion, transferring energy away from its kinetic energy store. With less kinetic energy, the vehicle slows down."},{"text":"Work done increases the vehicle's kinetic energy store, causing it to speed up.","correct":false,"explanation":"Friction acts against motion, so it removes energy from the vehicle’s kinetic energy store rather than adding to it. The reduced store causes the vehicle to slow down."},{"text":"Work done reduces the vehicle's gravitational potential energy store, causing it to slow down.","correct":false,"explanation":"Braking on a level road does not significantly reduce gravitational potential energy. Work done by friction reduces the vehicle’s kinetic energy store, causing it to slow down."},{"text":"Work done transfers energy to the vehicle's chemical energy store, causing it to slow down.","correct":false,"explanation":"The vehicle does not store the braking energy chemically. Friction transfers energy to thermal stores while work done reduces the vehicle’s kinetic energy store, causing it to slow down."}]},{"id":"5cbf62ae-5152-48ff-901c-7c976ce4f20d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What equation gives the work done by a braking force?","back":"The work done is calculated using $W=Fs$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The work done is calculated using $W=Fs$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Work done equals force multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the force, so the braking equation is $W=Fs$."},{"text":"The work done is calculated using $W=\\frac{F}{s}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing force by distance gives a different quantity and does not represent energy transferred by a force. Work done is calculated by multiplying force by distance: $W=Fs$."},{"text":"The work done is calculated using $W=F+s$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force and distance must be multiplied because work done is the energy transferred by a force over a distance. Adding them does not produce the work-done equation $W=Fs$."},{"text":"The work done is calculated using $W=\\frac{s}{F}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the variables gives distance divided by force, not energy transferred. The correct relationship multiplies the force by the distance moved: $W=Fs$."}]},{"id":"3a6d0709-0fa4-4b89-9900-2a81ed125e42","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What relationship links braking force, braking distance and kinetic energy when a vehicle stops?","back":"For a vehicle brought to rest, braking force × braking distance is approximately equal to its kinetic energy: $Fs\\approx\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For a vehicle brought to rest, braking force × braking distance is approximately equal to its kinetic energy: $Fs\\approx\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$.","correct":true,"explanation":"When the vehicle stops, the work done by the braking force is approximately equal to its initial kinetic energy. Since work done is force times distance, $Fs\\approx\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$."},{"text":"For a vehicle brought to rest, braking force × braking distance is approximately equal to its momentum: $Fs\\approx mv$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stopping work transfers the vehicle’s kinetic energy, not its momentum. Therefore braking force multiplied by braking distance is approximately $\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$, not $mv$."},{"text":"For a vehicle brought to rest, braking force × braking distance is approximately equal to its kinetic energy: $Fs\\approx mv^2$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relationship correctly involves kinetic energy, but omitting the factor $\\frac{1}{2}$ doubles the energy estimate. The correct expression is $Fs\\approx\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$."},{"text":"For a vehicle brought to rest, braking force × braking distance is approximately equal to its kinetic energy: $Fs\\approx\\frac{1}{2}m^2v^2$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass is not squared in the kinetic-energy equation. The common algebraic slip adds an extra factor of $m$; the correct relationship is $Fs\\approx\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$."}]},{"id":"7b435c15-d4aa-48de-bc96-af4f16d5a045","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a faster vehicle require more work to stop?","back":"A faster vehicle has more kinetic energy, so more work must be done to stop it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A faster vehicle has more kinetic energy, so more work must be done to stop it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of speed, $\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$. A faster vehicle therefore has more energy to transfer, requiring more work to stop."},{"text":"A faster vehicle has more momentum, so less work must be done to stop it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although a faster vehicle also has more momentum, that does not mean less stopping work is needed. Its greater kinetic energy means more work must be done to stop it."},{"text":"A faster vehicle has less kinetic energy, so less work must be done to stop it.","correct":false,"explanation":"For the same mass, increasing speed increases kinetic energy because it depends on $v^2$. More kinetic energy must be transferred, so more work is needed to stop the vehicle."},{"text":"A faster vehicle has more thermal energy, so more work must be done to stop it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The extra energy associated with the faster motion is kinetic energy, not thermal energy before braking. That greater kinetic-energy store requires more work to be transferred during stopping."}]},{"id":"d2e9a04d-0693-4141-b3aa-ae31f04ba7fa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a greater braking force needed to stop a faster vehicle in the same distance?","back":"For the same stopping distance, a faster vehicle needs a greater braking force because more work must be done over that distance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For the same stopping distance, a faster vehicle needs a greater braking force because more work must be done over that distance.","correct":true,"explanation":"A faster vehicle has more kinetic energy, so more work is required to stop it. With the stopping distance fixed, $W=Fs$ means the braking force must be greater."},{"text":"For the same stopping distance, a faster vehicle needs a smaller braking force because less work must be done over that distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"A faster vehicle has greater kinetic energy, so it requires more work, not less, to stop. With distance unchanged, more work requires a greater braking force."},{"text":"For the same stopping distance, a faster vehicle needs the same braking force because the distance is unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keeping distance constant does not keep the required work constant because speed changes the vehicle’s kinetic energy. More kinetic energy over the same distance requires greater braking force."},{"text":"For the same stopping distance, a faster vehicle needs a greater braking force because less work must be done over that distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The force conclusion is right, but the stated reason reverses the energy relationship. A faster vehicle has more kinetic energy, so more work must be done over the same distance."}]},{"id":"583c630d-707e-4688-b0f0-e463e47557fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does increasing the braking force affect the deceleration of the same vehicle?","back":"For the same vehicle, increasing the braking force produces a greater deceleration because its mass is constant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For the same vehicle, increasing the braking force produces a greater deceleration because its mass is constant.","correct":true,"explanation":"For a constant mass, Newton’s second law shows that increasing the resultant braking force increases the acceleration in the opposite direction, so the vehicle has a greater deceleration."},{"text":"For the same vehicle, increasing the braking force produces a smaller deceleration because its mass is constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the force-acceleration relationship. With constant mass, a greater braking force produces a greater deceleration, as shown by $F = ma$."},{"text":"For the same vehicle, increasing the braking force produces the same deceleration because its mass is constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constant mass does not mean constant deceleration. Since $a = F/m$, increasing the braking force while keeping mass unchanged increases the deceleration."},{"text":"For the same vehicle, increasing the braking force produces a greater acceleration because its mass is constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"The force acts opposite to the vehicle’s motion, so it produces greater deceleration rather than greater acceleration in the direction of travel. The correct answer is greater deceleration."}]},{"id":"e07f2377-0221-49b4-a780-3b65f91b1e4e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is deceleration, and what is its unit?","back":"Deceleration is acceleration opposite to an object's velocity, causing its speed to decrease; it is measured in $\\text{m/s}^2$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deceleration is acceleration opposite to an object's velocity, causing its speed to decrease; it is measured in $\\text{m/s}^2$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deceleration is acceleration acting opposite to velocity, reducing speed. Acceleration is measured as change in velocity per unit time, so its unit is $\\text{m/s}^2$."},{"text":"Deceleration is acceleration in the same direction as an object's velocity, causing its speed to increase; it is measured in $\\text{m/s}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceleration in the direction of velocity increases speed and is not deceleration. The correct description is acceleration opposite to velocity, measured in $\\text{m/s}^2$."},{"text":"Deceleration is a force opposite to an object's velocity, causing its speed to decrease; it is measured in $\\text{N}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"A force can cause deceleration, but deceleration itself is acceleration, not force. Its unit is $\\text{m/s}^2$, whereas force is measured in newtons, $\\text{N}$."},{"text":"Deceleration is acceleration opposite to an object's velocity, causing its speed to decrease; it is measured in $\\text{N/kg}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"$$\\text{N/kg}$ is an equivalent unit for acceleration in some contexts, but the required unit here is $\\text{m/s}^2$. Deceleration is acceleration opposite to velocity."}]},{"id":"96b1e16a-1be3-47f7-b725-4e4a8c50a408","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a large deceleration injure vehicle occupants?","back":"A large deceleration requires a large force to change the occupants' velocity, and very large forces can cause injury.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A large deceleration requires a large force to change the occupants' velocity, and very large forces can cause injury.","correct":true,"explanation":"The occupants’ velocity must change rapidly during a large deceleration. Newton’s second law means this requires a large force, which can damage the body and cause injury."},{"text":"A large deceleration requires a small force to change the occupants' velocity, and very small forces can cause injury.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Newton’s second law. For a given occupant mass, a larger deceleration requires a larger force, and very large forces can cause injury."},{"text":"A large deceleration requires a large force to change the occupants' velocity, and very large forces can cause overheating.","correct":false,"explanation":"Overheating is associated with energy transferred to brakes or other components. The large forces acting on occupants during rapid deceleration can instead cause injury."},{"text":"A large deceleration requires a large force to maintain the occupants' velocity, and very large forces can cause injury.","correct":false,"explanation":"The force is needed to change the occupants’ velocity, not maintain it. During rapid stopping, the resulting large force on the body can cause injury."}]},{"id":"db7efc8f-8b8c-4e2d-9f6b-8c4cf55dfe13","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a large braking force cause loss of control?","back":"A large braking force can make the tyres lose grip, causing skidding and possible loss of control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A large braking force can make the tyres lose grip, causing skidding and possible loss of control.","correct":true,"explanation":"If the braking force exceeds the frictional grip available between tyres and road, the tyres slip instead of rolling normally. This causes skidding and makes steering and control difficult."},{"text":"A large braking force can make the tyres gain grip, causing skidding and possible loss of control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tyres lose effective grip when the braking force is too large for the available friction. Gaining grip would reduce skidding, so the correct phrase is lose grip."},{"text":"A large braking force can make the tyres lose grip, preventing skidding and possible loss of control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Losing grip causes the tyres to skid, rather than preventing skidding. The correct explanation is that excessive braking force can cause skidding and loss of control."},{"text":"A large braking force can make the tyres lose contact, causing skidding and possible loss of control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excessive braking usually makes tyres lose frictional grip, not lose contact with the road. Reduced grip allows skidding and can lead to loss of control."}]},{"id":"7a0afd36-90b6-4fcf-9221-8f58a0bb8246","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can repeated heavy braking overheat the brakes?","back":"Heavy braking transfers kinetic energy rapidly to the brakes' thermal energy store, making their temperature very high.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Heavy braking transfers kinetic energy rapidly to the brakes' thermal energy store, making their temperature very high.","correct":true,"explanation":"Friction during braking transfers the vehicle’s kinetic energy into the brakes’ thermal energy store. Repeated heavy braking transfers energy faster than it can dissipate, raising temperature."},{"text":"Heavy braking transfers kinetic energy rapidly to the brakes' kinetic energy store, making their temperature very high.","correct":false,"explanation":"The brakes do not gain significant kinetic energy as they heat up. Friction transfers the vehicle’s kinetic energy to their thermal energy store, increasing temperature."},{"text":"Heavy braking transfers kinetic energy rapidly to the brakes' gravitational energy store, making their temperature very high.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravitational energy changes when an object’s height changes, which is not the main process during braking. Friction transfers kinetic energy to the brakes’ thermal energy store."},{"text":"Heavy braking transfers kinetic energy slowly to the brakes' thermal energy store, making their temperature very high.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heavy braking transfers energy rapidly through friction. Repeated braking can make brakes very hot because energy is supplied faster than it can be transferred away."}]},{"id":"ab0ec47a-7dc5-41c3-8eb6-b44260eae8ee","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are overheated brakes dangerous?","back":"Overheated brakes may become less effective, making it harder to slow down or stop safely.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Overheated brakes may become less effective, making it harder to slow down or stop safely.","correct":true,"explanation":"Very high brake temperatures can reduce the friction available in the braking system. The brakes then become less effective, increasing the difficulty of slowing or stopping safely."},{"text":"Overheated brakes may become more effective, making it harder to slow down or stop safely.","correct":false,"explanation":"More effective brakes would make stopping easier, not harder. Overheating can reduce friction and make the brakes less effective, so stopping safely becomes more difficult."},{"text":"Overheated brakes may become less effective, making it easier to slow down or stop safely.","correct":false,"explanation":"If brakes become less effective, they produce less slowing force, so stopping becomes harder. The correct consequence of overheated brakes is increased difficulty slowing or stopping safely."},{"text":"Overheated brakes may become less effective, making it harder to speed up or stop safely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brakes affect slowing and stopping rather than speeding up. Overheating can make them less effective, making it harder to slow down or stop safely."}]},{"id":"65b996df-3129-4e71-a36a-92d762c6b92d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must act on a road vehicle for it to decelerate?","back":"A vehicle decelerates when a resultant force acts opposite to its direction of motion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A vehicle decelerates when a resultant force acts opposite to its direction of motion.","correct":true,"explanation":"A resultant force is the overall force after all forces are combined. If it acts opposite to the vehicle’s motion, it produces acceleration opposite to velocity, causing deceleration."},{"text":"A vehicle decelerates when a balanced force acts opposite to its direction of motion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Balanced forces have zero resultant force and therefore produce no acceleration. Deceleration requires a non-zero resultant force acting opposite to the direction of motion."},{"text":"A vehicle decelerates when a resultant force acts in its direction of motion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A resultant force in the direction of motion causes acceleration and increases speed. Deceleration occurs when the resultant force acts opposite to the vehicle’s motion."},{"text":"A vehicle decelerates when a frictional force acts perpendicular to its direction of motion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A perpendicular force changes direction rather than directly reducing speed. Deceleration requires a resultant force with a component opposite to the direction of motion."}]},{"id":"ea29094e-8cd8-402e-b6f3-9d6873f77736","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Describe the two friction effects involved when a vehicle brakes.","back":"During braking, friction between the brakes and wheels slows wheel rotation, while friction between the tyres and road slows the vehicle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"During braking, friction between the brakes and wheels slows wheel rotation, while friction between the tyres and road slows the vehicle.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brake friction reduces the wheels’ rotational motion, while tyre-road friction provides the external force that reduces the vehicle’s forward motion. Both friction effects are needed during braking."},{"text":"During braking, friction between the brakes and wheels slows wheel rotation, while friction between the tyres and road speeds up the vehicle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tyre-road friction acts to reduce the vehicle’s forward motion during braking, not speed it up. Brake friction slows wheel rotation, while road friction slows the vehicle."},{"text":"During braking, friction between the brakes and wheels speeds up wheel rotation, while friction between the tyres and road slows the vehicle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Friction between the brakes and wheels opposes and slows wheel rotation. Friction between tyres and road also slows the vehicle, so only the first effect is reversed here."},{"text":"During braking, friction between the brakes and wheels slows wheel rotation, while friction between the tyres and road stops wheel rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tyre-road friction slows the vehicle’s forward motion, whereas the brake-wheel friction slows wheel rotation. Confusing these roles gives the wrong description of the two friction effects."}]},{"id":"a2c108c3-e217-4d60-a9a2-f0481930981b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you calculate acceleration from initial velocity, final velocity and stopping time?","back":"Acceleration is calculated using $a=\\frac{v-u}{t}$, where $u$ is initial velocity, $v$ is final velocity and $t$ is time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Acceleration is calculated using $a=\\frac{v-u}{t}$, where $u$ is initial velocity, $v$ is final velocity and $t$ is time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the time taken. Final velocity minus initial velocity gives $v-u$, so the correct relationship is $a=\\frac{v-u}{t}$."},{"text":"Acceleration is calculated using $a=\\frac{u-v}{t}$, where $u$ is initial velocity, $v$ is final velocity and $t$ is time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the velocity subtraction reverses the sign of the acceleration. Change in velocity is final minus initial, so acceleration must be calculated using $a=\\frac{v-u}{t}$."},{"text":"Acceleration is calculated using $a=\\frac{v+u}{t}$, where $u$ is initial velocity, $v$ is final velocity and $t$ is time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the initial and final velocities does not calculate a change in velocity. Acceleration uses final velocity minus initial velocity, giving $a=\\frac{v-u}{t}$."},{"text":"Acceleration is calculated using $a=(v-u)t$, where $u$ is initial velocity, $v$ is final velocity and $t$ is time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying the velocity change by time gives incorrect units and increases the result with time. Acceleration is change in velocity divided by time: $a=\\frac{v-u}{t}$."}]},{"id":"6685b956-aa98-4b27-a7b3-8ad25cbb2704","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the acceleration negative when a vehicle slows down, and how is deceleration magnitude found?","back":"When a vehicle slows down, $vu$, so $a$ is negative; the deceleration magnitude is $\\frac{u-v}{t}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Slowing down means the final velocity is smaller, not larger, than the initial velocity. Therefore $v$F=ma$. A greater mass or greater deceleration requires a greater force.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The resultant force is calculated using $F=ma$. A greater mass or greater deceleration requires a greater force.","correct":true,"explanation":"Newton’s second law states that resultant force equals mass multiplied by acceleration. Using deceleration magnitude, increasing either mass or deceleration therefore increases the required braking force."},{"text":"The resultant force is calculated using $F=\\frac{m}{a}$. A greater mass or greater deceleration requires a smaller force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing mass by acceleration is not Newton’s second law and gives the wrong units. The relationship is $F=ma$, so greater mass or greater deceleration requires greater force."},{"text":"The resultant force is calculated using $F=ma$. A greater mass or greater deceleration requires a smaller force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the equation is correct, its stated consequence is reversed. Since mass and acceleration are multiplied in $F=ma$, increasing either mass or deceleration magnitude increases the required force."},{"text":"The resultant force is calculated using $F=\\frac{a}{m}$. A greater mass or greater deceleration requires the same force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceleration divided by mass neither represents force nor has force units. Newton’s second law is $F=ma$, meaning greater mass or greater deceleration requires a greater braking force."}]},{"id":"de9d438d-239e-4eb1-9f5d-4bb28a6cd59a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two steps are needed before using a vehicle's speed to calculate force with $F=ma$?","back":"Acceleration is calculated first from the change in velocity divided by time; the speed must be converted to $\\text{m/s}$ before using $F=ma$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Acceleration is calculated first from the change in velocity divided by time; the speed must be converted to $\\text{m/s}$ before using $F=ma$.","correct":true,"explanation":"The equation $F=ma$ requires acceleration, so it must first be found from velocity change divided by time. SI calculations also require speed to be expressed in $\\text{m/s}$."},{"text":"Momentum is calculated first from the change in velocity divided by time; the speed must be converted to $\\text{km/h}$ before using $F=ma$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Velocity change divided by time gives acceleration, not momentum, and standard SI force calculations use $\\text{m/s}$ rather than $\\text{km/h}$. These steps provide the acceleration needed in $F=ma$."},{"text":"Acceleration is calculated first from the change in velocity multiplied by time; the speed must be converted to $\\text{m/s}$ before using $F=ma$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying velocity change by time does not produce acceleration and gives incorrect units. Acceleration is change in velocity divided by time, with velocities first expressed in $\\text{m/s}$."},{"text":"Velocity is calculated first from the change in acceleration divided by time; the speed must be converted to $\\text{m/s}$ before using $F=ma$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force requires acceleration rather than a newly calculated velocity. Acceleration is found from change in velocity divided by time, after converting the relevant speeds to $\\text{m/s}$."}]},{"id":"72c266d8-477a-495a-8eca-798a724d26b8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When a vehicle brakes, its kinetic energy store decreases and energy is transferred to the [ ] of the brakes and surroundings.","back":"When a vehicle brakes, its kinetic energy store decreases and energy is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the brakes and surroundings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"thermal energy stores","correct":true,"explanation":"Friction during braking transfers energy from the vehicle’s kinetic energy store to the thermal energy stores of the brakes, tyres, road and surrounding air."},{"text":"chemical energy stores","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical energy stores are associated with fuels, batteries and chemical reactions, not the heating caused by braking. Friction transfers the vehicle’s kinetic energy to thermal energy stores."},{"text":"gravitational energy stores","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravitational energy changes when an object’s height changes, which is not the usual braking transfer. Braking friction transfers kinetic energy to the thermal energy stores of the brakes and surroundings."},{"text":"elastic energy stores","correct":false,"explanation":"Elastic energy is stored when an object is stretched or compressed, rather than during ordinary braking. Friction instead transfers kinetic energy into the thermal energy stores of the brakes and surroundings."}]},{"id":"f2345a2f-afff-4596-8c76-14181eb15969","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The work done by a braking force is calculated using $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"The work done by a braking force is calculated using $\\boxed{W=Fs}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$W=Fs$","correct":true,"explanation":"Work done is the force multiplied by the distance moved in the force’s direction. Therefore a braking force $F$ acting through stopping distance $s$ does work $W=Fs$."},{"text":"$$W=\\frac{F}{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing force by distance does not give energy units and is a common rearrangement error. Work done equals force multiplied by distance in the force’s direction, so $W=Fs$."},{"text":"$$W=\\frac{s}{F}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing distance by force does not calculate energy and gives the wrong units. The work done by a constant braking force is force multiplied by stopping distance: $W=Fs$."},{"text":"$$W=F+s$","correct":false,"explanation":"Force and distance have different units, so they cannot be added to calculate work. Their product gives the energy transferred, making the correct equation $W=Fs$."}]},{"id":"8a67c60d-61f6-4607-bdfc-5de040d69241","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a vehicle stopping from motion, the braking force can be estimated using $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"For a vehicle stopping from motion, the braking force can be estimated using $\\boxed{F=\\frac{\\frac{1}{2}mv^2}{s}}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$F=\\frac{\\frac{1}{2}mv^2}{s}$","correct":true,"explanation":"The brakes do work $Fs$ equal to the vehicle’s initial kinetic energy $\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$. Rearranging $Fs=\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ gives $F=\\frac{\\frac{1}{2}mv^2}{s}$."},{"text":"$$F=\\frac{mv^2}{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Omitting the factor of $\\frac{1}{2}$ treats kinetic energy as $mv^2$ and doubles the force estimate. Equating $Fs$ with $\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ gives $F=\\frac{\\frac{1}{2}mv^2}{s}$."},{"text":"$$F=\\frac{\\frac{1}{2}mv}{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using $v$ instead of $v^2$ confuses kinetic energy with a momentum-like expression. Kinetic energy is $\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$, so the force is $F=\\frac{\\frac{1}{2}mv^2}{s}$."},{"text":"$$F=\\frac{\\frac{1}{2}ms^2}{v}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Swapping speed and stopping distance produces the wrong dimensions and does not equate braking work with kinetic energy. The valid rearrangement is $F=\\frac{\\frac{1}{2}mv^2}{s}$."}]},{"id":"097ee071-e5e1-4238-b923-c96259d61d78","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a speed given in kilometres per hour, convert it to metres per second by dividing by $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"For a speed given in kilometres per hour, convert it to metres per second by dividing by $\\boxed{3.6}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$3.6$","correct":true,"explanation":"One kilometre is $1000$ metres and one hour is $3600$ seconds, so converting from $\\text{km/h}$ to $\\text{m/s}$ requires division by $3600/1000=3.6$."},{"text":"$$10$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by $10$ treats the metric and time conversions as a single decimal shift. Combining $1000$ metres per kilometre with $3600$ seconds per hour gives division by $3.6$."},{"text":"$$60$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by $60$ converts hours to minutes but does not account for kilometres becoming metres or minutes becoming seconds. The complete $\\text{km/h}$ to $\\text{m/s}$ conversion divides by $3.6$."},{"text":"$$1000$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by $1000$ addresses the kilometre prefix incorrectly and ignores the conversion from hours to seconds. Combining both conversions means the speed should be divided by $3.6$."}]},{"id":"fc366484-ec48-401a-9adb-50bf9cca0cee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A typical resultant decelerating force on a car is of the order of [ ].","back":"A typical resultant decelerating force on a car is of the order of several thousand newtons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"several thousand newtons","correct":true,"explanation":"A car has a mass of roughly $1000$ kg and may decelerate by several $\\text{m/s}^2$. Using $F=ma$ therefore gives a force of several thousand newtons."},{"text":"several hundred newtons","correct":false,"explanation":"This underestimates the force by about an order of magnitude, often by using too small a mass or deceleration. Typical car values in $F=ma$ produce several thousand newtons."},{"text":"several million newtons","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates a typical car’s braking force by roughly three orders of magnitude and is more appropriate to much larger systems. A car’s resultant decelerating force is several thousand newtons."},{"text":"several thousand joules","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules measure energy rather than force, so this uses the wrong physical quantity and unit. A typical resultant decelerating force on a car is several thousand newtons."}]},{"id":"39445f83-8ec2-4e1a-945d-fc2017176def","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In $F=ma$, a negative force value indicates the force acts [ ].","back":"In $F=ma$, a negative force value indicates the force acts opposite to the vehicle's motion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"opposite to the vehicle's motion","correct":true,"explanation":"The negative sign describes direction relative to the chosen positive direction. If the vehicle’s motion is defined as positive, a negative braking force acts opposite to that motion."},{"text":"in the vehicle's direction of motion","correct":false,"explanation":"A force in the chosen positive direction would have a positive value, not a negative one. During braking, the negative force acts opposite to the vehicle’s direction of motion."},{"text":"vertically downwards through the vehicle","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative sign does not automatically mean downwards; it indicates opposition to the chosen positive axis. For braking along the road, the force acts opposite to the vehicle’s motion."},{"text":"perpendicular to the vehicle's motion","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative force is directed along the chosen axis in its negative direction, not at right angles to it. The braking force acts opposite to the vehicle’s motion."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"5.6.3d Factors affecting braking distance 2","title":"5.6.3d Factors affecting braking distance 2 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"fb2a12a9-73db-5ed8-8e22-5ddd679e980a","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]