In a chemical synthesis, the actual yield of a product is typically lower than the theoretical yield predicted by stoichiometry.
Which of the following is a correct explanation for this difference?
Some of the reactants may react to form alternative side products.
The reaction has an atom economy of exactly 100%100\%100%.
An excess of one reactant prevents the other from fully reacting.
The desired product has a lower molar mass than the starting reactants.