State what is meant by the term isotopes in terms of subatomic particles.
Element X\text{X}X has two naturally occurring isotopes. Their mass numbers are 191191191 and 193193193.
The percentage abundance of each isotope is:
Estimate the relative atomic mass of element X\text{X}X by selecting one of the following ranges:
In 1911, Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment disproved the plum pudding model. Explain how two specific observations from this experiment led to the proposal of the nuclear model of the atom.