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order."},{"text":"Quantity, machinery and delivery times can change with every order.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses flexibility with changing production logistics. Job production is flexible because size, materials and design can change with every order."},{"text":"Price, location and staff numbers can change with every order.","correct":false,"explanation":"These factors may vary in business, but they do not define product flexibility. The correct answer is that size, materials and design can change with every order."},{"text":"Quality, packaging and advertising can change with every order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Packaging and promotion can be altered separately from production. The key flexibility of job production is that size, materials and design can change with every order."}]},{"id":"0be68b8d-e644-4854-9316-2f19c9174e3b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is job production labour-intensive?","back":"Skilled staff do most of the work using general tools.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Skilled staff do most of the work using general tools.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each individual product is made separately, so skilled employees carry out much of the work with adaptable general-purpose tools rather than a fully automated line."},{"text":"Unskilled staff do most of the work using specialist machinery.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a more capital-intensive process. Job production is labour-intensive because skilled staff do most of the work using general tools."},{"text":"Managers do most of the work using automated equipment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Managers organise and supervise rather than usually making the product. Job production depends on skilled staff doing most of the work using general tools."},{"text":"Robots do most of the work using computer-controlled equipment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Robots and computer-controlled equipment reduce the need for labour. Job production is labour-intensive because skilled staff do most of the work using general tools."}]},{"id":"a66762b5-8733-4c98-a3fb-411690f8fd22","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the unit cost of job production high?","back":"Skilled wages and production hours are carried by one unit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Skilled wages and production hours are carried by one unit.","correct":true,"explanation":"A job is produced individually, so the skilled labour time and wages cannot be spread across a large number of identical units."},{"text":"Unskilled wages and production hours are carried by one unit.","correct":false,"explanation":"The main cost issue is not unskilled labour. Job production has a high unit cost because skilled wages and production hours are carried by one unit."},{"text":"Machinery costs and material waste are carried by many units.","correct":false,"explanation":"Costs spread across many units would reduce unit cost, and this is not the usual explanation for job production. Skilled wages and production hours are carried by one unit."},{"text":"Bulk materials and automated processes are carried by one unit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bulk buying and automation generally lower costs rather than cause high unit costs. The correct explanation is that skilled wages and production hours are carried by one unit."}]},{"id":"90983196-f1a3-49fb-a569-e329e569eeb1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can job production motivate staff?","back":"Staff use varied skills and take pride in the finished product.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Staff use varied skills and take pride in the finished product.","correct":true,"explanation":"Job production gives employees varied tasks and lets them see an individual product completed, which can increase skill use, involvement and pride."},{"text":"Staff use repetitive skills and take pride in the production speed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repetitive tasks are more associated with flow production and may reduce motivation. Job production motivates staff through varied skills and pride in the finished product."},{"text":"Staff use specialist machines and take pride in the lowest unit cost.","correct":false,"explanation":"This focuses on machinery and efficiency rather than employee motivation. Job production motivates staff because they use varied skills and take pride in the finished product."},{"text":"Staff use limited skills and take pride in meeting identical targets.","correct":false,"explanation":"Limited, repetitive work is less likely to provide motivation through achievement. The correct answer is that staff use varied skills and take pride in the finished product."}]},{"id":"9d7c7c2f-7e78-41f6-bbd6-83a615957cc3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to products during flow production?","back":"They move continuously along a production line.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They move continuously along a production line.","correct":true,"explanation":"Flow production is arranged as a continuous sequence of operations, with products passing from one stage to the next along the production line."},{"text":"They move individually between separate workshops.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual movement between workshops is characteristic of job production. In flow production, products move continuously along a production line."},{"text":"They remain stationary while staff rotate around them.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stationary product with workers moving around it is a different production arrangement. Flow production means products move continuously along a production line."},{"text":"They move in batches between production departments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Batch production makes groups of products before transferring them between stages. Flow production differs because products move continuously along a production line."}]},{"id":"16b74550-cf24-48d2-9a9f-ec2a31a3e44a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is flow production capital-intensive?","back":"Machinery and automation do most of the work, requiring expensive set-up.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Machinery and automation do most of the work, requiring expensive set-up.","correct":true,"explanation":"Flow production relies heavily on dedicated machinery and automated systems, so substantial capital investment is needed before production can begin."},{"text":"Skilled employees and general tools do most of the work, requiring expensive training.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes labour-intensive job production. Flow production is capital-intensive because machinery and automation do most of the work, requiring expensive set-up."},{"text":"Customers and suppliers do most of the work, requiring expensive contracts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Customers and suppliers do not normally carry out the production process. Flow production is capital-intensive because machinery and automation do most of the work."},{"text":"Temporary workers and manual equipment do most of the work, requiring expensive recruitment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporary manual labour would make the process more labour-intensive, not capital-intensive. The correct answer is that machinery and automation do most of the work."}]},{"id":"461ea9c5-e7fd-4735-a00c-c22fc0eb34ca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does flow production have a low unit cost at high output?","back":"Line costs are spread across many units and materials are bought in bulk.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Line costs are spread across many units and materials are bought in bulk.","correct":true,"explanation":"High output allows fixed production-line costs to be divided among many products, while bulk purchasing usually reduces the material cost per unit."},{"text":"Labour costs are increased across many units and materials are bought separately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher labour costs and separate purchases would tend to raise unit cost. Flow production achieves low unit cost because line costs are spread across many units and materials are bought in bulk."},{"text":"Set-up costs are avoided across many units and materials are bought in small quantities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flow production still requires expensive set-up, and small purchases usually lose bulk discounts. Low unit cost occurs because line costs are spread across many units."},{"text":"Product variety is increased across many units and materials are bought at premium prices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater variety and premium-priced materials would usually increase costs. The correct explanation is that line costs are spread across many units and materials are bought in bulk."}]},{"id":"47d3f77a-5192-4386-9108-9d41203a56af","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does flow production need high and steady demand?","back":"Low sales leave the line below capacity, raising the cost per unit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low sales leave the line below capacity, raising the cost per unit.","correct":true,"explanation":"Flow production has substantial fixed costs. When demand is low, the line is underused, so those costs are spread over fewer units and cost per unit rises."},{"text":"Low sales leave the line above capacity, lowering the cost per unit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low sales cannot normally push production above capacity, and fewer units would not lower fixed cost per unit. The line is below capacity, raising the cost per unit."},{"text":"High sales leave the line below capacity, raising the cost per unit.","correct":false,"explanation":"High and steady sales should use more of the line’s capacity and spread fixed costs. Low sales leave the line below capacity, raising the cost per unit."},{"text":"Low sales leave the line at capacity, maintaining the cost per unit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low demand means the line cannot operate at full capacity. Underuse prevents fixed costs being spread efficiently, so low sales leave the line below capacity and raise unit cost."}]},{"id":"3399f693-c4b5-45ff-8583-1b801bd051fb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What worker problem can repetitive flow production cause?","back":"It can cause boredom, leading to mistakes, absence and staff leaving.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can cause boredom, leading to mistakes, absence and staff leaving.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeating the same narrow task can reduce motivation and concentration, making mistakes, absenteeism and staff turnover more likely in a flow-production system."},{"text":"It can cause greater motivation, leading to mistakes, absence and staff leaving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater motivation would not normally explain mistakes, absence and staff leaving; the repetitive nature of flow production can instead cause boredom, which creates these problems."},{"text":"It can cause more creativity, leading to mistakes, absence and staff leaving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repetitive production usually limits creativity rather than increasing it. The worker problem linked to this repetition is boredom, which can lead to mistakes, absence and staff leaving."},{"text":"It can cause stronger teamwork, leading to mistakes, absence and staff leaving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strong teamwork is not the typical worker problem caused by repetitive tasks. Flow production can cause boredom, reducing concentration and satisfaction and increasing mistakes, absence and staff turnover."}]},{"id":"538b5d2f-1530-446a-a8bf-97719aade492","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens if a flow-production line breaks down?","back":"The breakdown can halt every stage at once.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The breakdown can halt every stage at once.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each stage depends on the continuous movement of products through the line, so one breakdown can stop all stages and prevent production from continuing."},{"text":"The breakdown can halt only the final stage at once.","correct":false,"explanation":"A flow line is interdependent, so a breakdown can stop every stage rather than only the final one. Products cannot move through the process normally when one part fails."},{"text":"The breakdown can increase every stage’s output at once.","correct":false,"explanation":"A breakdown removes productive capacity instead of increasing it. Because the stages are linked, the failure can halt every stage at once."},{"text":"The breakdown can improve every stage’s efficiency at once.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mechanical or process failure cannot improve efficiency across the line. The connected stages may all stop, making halted production the likely consequence."}]},{"id":"9c67daff-2f5e-4826-a91f-9289d37bf15e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does job production suit customer demand?","back":"When customers each want different specifications.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When customers each want different specifications.","correct":true,"explanation":"Job production makes one-off or customised products, so it is suitable when individual customers require different specifications for their orders."},{"text":"When customers each want the same specifications.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical specifications are better suited to standardised flow production. Job production is chosen when each customer requires different specifications."},{"text":"When customers each want the lowest possible price.","correct":false,"explanation":"Job production often has a high unit cost, so it is not mainly suited to customers demanding the lowest price. It suits individually specified products instead."},{"text":"When customers each want immediate mass availability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Immediate availability in large quantities is associated with flow production and standardised output. Job production suits customers whose products require different specifications."}]},{"id":"1bbebe34-a7d7-4f1d-b619-66a7c4e0d021","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can job production charge a premium price?","back":"The premium helps cover its high unit cost.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The premium helps cover its high unit cost.","correct":true,"explanation":"Job production involves skilled labour, individual designs and limited economies of scale, so each item can cost more to make. A premium price helps cover that high unit cost."},{"text":"The premium helps cover its low unit cost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Job production usually has a high unit cost because products are made individually and gain few economies of scale. The premium helps cover this high, not low, cost."},{"text":"The premium helps cover its high production volume.","correct":false,"explanation":"Job production normally produces individual or small-batch items rather than a high volume. Its premium price is needed mainly because each unit has a high production cost."},{"text":"The premium helps cover its standardised design.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised designs are linked more closely with flow production and usually support lower costs. Job production can charge a premium because its individual units have high costs."}]},{"id":"a6dbced7-ffd2-4b22-8bda-d4a9528708a8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does flow production suit a business?","back":"When it sells one standard product in very large numbers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When it sells one standard product in very large numbers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Flow production uses a continuous production line to make standardised products efficiently, making it suitable for very large and predictable quantities of the same product."},{"text":"When it sells many customised products in very small numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many customised products in small numbers are better suited to job production. Flow production is designed for one standard product made in very large numbers."},{"text":"When it sells one unique product to one customer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A unique product for one customer requires individual attention and is suited to job production. Flow production is most efficient for large quantities of one standard product."},{"text":"When it sells several changing products in unpredictable numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing products and unpredictable demand make a continuous line less suitable because it relies on standardised, consistent output. Flow production suits large, predictable sales of one product."}]},{"id":"2d0239c4-c978-4dda-bb68-fce75611a79e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does flow production suit a business competing on price?","back":"Its low unit cost allows a low selling price while retaining profit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its low unit cost allows a low selling price while retaining profit.","correct":true,"explanation":"High output and standardised processes create economies of scale, reducing the cost per unit. The business can therefore charge a competitive low price while still making profit."},{"text":"Its high unit cost allows a low selling price while retaining profit.","correct":false,"explanation":"A high unit cost makes it harder to charge a low price and still retain profit. Flow production supports price competition through its low unit cost."},{"text":"Its low production volume allows a low selling price while retaining profit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low production volume limits economies of scale and usually raises the cost per unit. Flow production competes on price because it produces large volumes at a low unit cost."},{"text":"Its high level of customisation allows a low selling price while retaining profit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Customisation usually requires more labour and flexibility, increasing unit costs. Standardised flow production is more suitable for low prices because it achieves a low unit cost."}]},{"id":"d7c40cf9-a31f-464f-a3a7-f7a934323b66","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Compare the demand suited to job production with the demand suited to flow production.","back":"

Job production suits low, varied demand.
Flow production suits high, predictable demand.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Job production suits low, varied demand.
Flow production suits high, predictable demand.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Job production is suitable when demand is low and varied because products can be customised individually. Flow production is efficient when demand is high and predictable."},{"text":"

Job production suits high, predictable demand.
Flow production suits low, varied demand.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the methods: high, predictable demand supports flow production, while low, varied demand supports flexible job production and its customised output."},{"text":"

Job production suits high, varied demand.
Flow production suits low, predictable demand.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Flow production needs sufficient predictable demand to justify its continuous line, whereas job production is better for low demand that varies between individual customer requirements."},{"text":"

Job production suits low, predictable demand.
Flow production suits high, varied demand.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Predictability alone does not make low demand suitable for job production, and varied demand makes flow production difficult. The correct pairing is low, varied demand for jobs and high, predictable demand for flow."}]},{"id":"4d861270-910e-42b4-b491-eea8b08674a8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Job production suits products with [ ] customer specifications.","back":"Job production suits products with different customer specifications.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"different","correct":true,"explanation":"Job production is flexible and can make products to individual requirements, so it suits customers whose specifications are different from one another."},{"text":"identical","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical specifications describe standardised products, which are more suited to flow production. Job production is appropriate when customer specifications are different."},{"text":"standardised","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised specifications reduce the need for individual production and fit flow production more closely. Job production is used when customers request different specifications."},{"text":"fixed","correct":false,"explanation":"Fixed specifications imply that customers receive the same predetermined design rather than individual variations. Job production suits products with different customer specifications."}]},{"id":"49543dfa-e2cb-4dbd-b131-beceb0128be4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Flow production makes large quantities of [ ] products.","back":"Flow production makes large quantities of identical products.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"identical","correct":true,"explanation":"Flow production is designed for standardised, high-volume output, so each item is made to the same specification and is identical to the others."},{"text":"different","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing different products would require greater flexibility and adjustment between items. Flow production instead makes identical products efficiently through a continuous, standardised process."},{"text":"customised","correct":false,"explanation":"Customised products are made to individual customer requirements, which conflicts with flow production’s standardised, high-volume process. The correct description is identical products."},{"text":"individual","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual products are associated with one-off or customised production rather than a continuous production line. Flow production creates identical products in large quantities."}]},{"id":"8fbec654-3464-44f4-9b7c-ddf095b42c47","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Flow production uses machinery and automation, so it is [ ].","back":"Flow production uses machinery and automation, so it is capital-intensive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"capital-intensive","correct":true,"explanation":"Flow production depends heavily on expensive machinery and automated equipment, meaning a relatively large amount of capital is required compared with labour."},{"text":"labour-intensive","correct":false,"explanation":"Labour-intensive production relies mainly on workers rather than machinery. Flow production uses machinery and automation, so it is capital-intensive instead."},{"text":"land-intensive","correct":false,"explanation":"Land-intensive production requires unusually large areas of land, which is not the defining feature here. Heavy reliance on machinery makes flow production capital-intensive."},{"text":"energy-intensive","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy-intensive describes unusually high energy consumption, not the investment feature identified in the sentence. Machinery and automation mean flow production is capital-intensive."}]},{"id":"523dcb67-2010-4e06-8012-93cad52075ee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"At high output, flow production achieves a [ ].","back":"At high output, flow production achieves a low unit cost.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"low unit cost","correct":true,"explanation":"High output spreads fixed production costs across many units and allows efficient use of machinery, reducing the cost of producing each item."},{"text":"high unit cost","correct":false,"explanation":"High output normally spreads fixed costs across more products, lowering the cost per item. The resulting benefit of flow production is a low unit cost."},{"text":"low profit margin","correct":false,"explanation":"A low profit margin concerns the difference between selling price and cost, not the production cost of each item. High-volume flow production achieves a low unit cost."},{"text":"high break-even point","correct":false,"explanation":"A high break-even point means many units must be sold before costs are covered; it is not the stated high-output benefit. Flow production achieves a low unit cost."}]},{"id":"a0ab7b1f-31e4-4657-b3f6-dfcd35a55ae5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Changing a flow-production design is expensive because the line must be [ ].","back":"Changing a flow-production design is expensive because the line must be retooled.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"retooled","correct":true,"explanation":"Changing the product design can require replacing or adapting equipment and tooling on the production line, making the process expensive and time-consuming."},{"text":"dismantled","correct":false,"explanation":"Dismantling means taking the production line apart, which is not necessarily required for a design change. The line must be retooled with suitable equipment."},{"text":"relocated","correct":false,"explanation":"Relocating means moving the production line to another place, whereas a design change requires equipment or tooling adjustments. The line must be retooled."},{"text":"rebranded","correct":false,"explanation":"Rebranding changes a product’s name or image rather than its manufacturing equipment. Altering the design can require the production line to be retooled."}]},{"id":"8b550095-a88e-4e3e-aa0f-3f370aa324bf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A business using flow production needs the finance to buy the [ ].","back":"A business using flow production needs the finance to buy the machinery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"machinery","correct":true,"explanation":"Flow production relies on specialised equipment and automation, so the business needs finance to purchase the machinery required for the production line."},{"text":"workers","correct":false,"explanation":"Workers may still be needed, but this method is particularly dependent on expensive equipment and automation. The finance is needed to buy the machinery."},{"text":"raw materials","correct":false,"explanation":"Raw materials are consumed during production and may require working capital, but the key finance requirement identified here is purchasing machinery for the automated line."},{"text":"premises","correct":false,"explanation":"Premises provide space for production but are not the specific item highlighted by flow production’s reliance on automation. The business needs finance to buy machinery."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"3.1.1 Methods of production","title":"3.1.1 Methods of production Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/business/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"e9e7cfc8-16b5-4595-955f-73bc98ed1f54","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]