spinal","text":"Spinal cord","type":"text","color":"black"},{"x":207,"y":190.5,"id":"flow-label-motor","size":"s","text":"Motor neurone","type":"text","color":"blue"},{"x":60,"y":323.5,"id":"flow-label-synapse","text":"Neuromuscular junction (synapse)","type":"text","color":"violet"},{"x":205.6,"y":464.5,"id":"flow-label-muscle","size":"s","text":"Effector muscle","type":"text","color":"red"},{"x":287.1,"y":392.5,"id":"flow-edge-label-2","size":"s","text":"chemical neurotransmitter crosses gap","type":"text","color":"violet"}],"caption":"There is one motor neurone between the spinal cord and the effector muscle. The motor neurone terminal meets the muscle at a neuromuscular junction, which is a synapse.","diagramSpec":{"chart":{"kind":"flow","edges":[{"to":"motor","from":"spinal","color":"blue"},{"to":"synapse","from":"motor","color":"blue"},{"to":"muscle","from":"synapse","color":"violet","label":"chemical neurotransmitter crosses gap"}],"nodes":[{"id":"spinal","color":"black","label":"Spinal cord","shape":"box"},{"id":"motor","color":"blue","label":"Motor neurone","shape":"ellipse"},{"id":"synapse","color":"violet","label":"Neuromuscular junction (synapse)","shape":"box"},{"id":"muscle","color":"red","label":"Effector muscle","shape":"ellipse"}],"direction":"down"}}},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Follow the neurone","content":"The signal travels **as an electrical impulse** along a **motor neurone** from the spinal cord towards the muscle. \n\nThis earns the first two marks (B1 + B1).","highlights":[{"text":"from the spinal cord to the effector muscle","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Cross the junction","content":"At the synapse between the motor neurone and the muscle, the signal crosses the gap as a **chemical neurotransmitter** (chemical messenger). \n\nThis earns the final mark (B1).","highlights":[{"text":"from the spinal cord to the effector muscle","location":"specification"}]}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-22T07:39:42.139Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra+diagrams-1","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null},{"id":"dda2de77-fed6-4d18-b326-2498cdfba123","revisionId":"75cc2031-50b0-458d-8505-32ce985045df","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"When a person steps out of a dark room into bright, intense sunlight, their pupils rapidly and automatically constrict. This involuntary action is coordinated by a reflex arc to prevent damage to the eye.","difficulty":6,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":6,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"parts":[{"id":"3be675b6-8fc9-496a-93f2-202ecf8f9c9f","label":null,"content":"Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc involved in this pupillary reflex response.","markscheme":"- Light-sensitive photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina detect the bright light stimulus B1\n- An electrical impulse is generated and travels along the sensory neurone within the optic nerve to the brain (CNS) B1\n- Chemical neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses in the brain to transmit the signal between neurones B1\n- The impulse is passed via relay neurones to parasympathetic motor neurones in the brainstem B1\n- The motor neurones carry the electrical impulse to the effector, which are the circular muscles of the iris B1\n- The circular muscles contract, causing the pupil to constrict and limit light entry, protecting the retina from damage B1","marks":6,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null},{"id":"f25c3724-0a66-4dff-8b96-25e433a080cd","revisionId":"e837ac12-7cb2-48a9-b90f-10dce4f993f1","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"A researcher wanted to investigate if the background color of a tablet screen affects a person's reaction time.\n\nIn the first part of the investigation, students were tested using a program where a white circle appeared on a dark grey backg

The brain and the nervous system

Question 29

The brain and the nervous system Questions

The brain and the nervous system

Question 29

The brain and the nervous system Questions