33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/057q44qw6_5uu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/313vt9_f08mnn.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/02eggfg7vwd9q.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0tzbwbomzrnqw.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/14trqrdc9kqx-.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ihhz2u0kvoai.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11md10s8bxc41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1j5h__1z96nq5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0myxz4gywm9of.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_v9g5x0fx29m.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3z1ylg82-_yrl.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/230359bhbwn7h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11kq2otno6-oj.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3v26kz_8xjyfu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10j6l_dhgof6p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3_4bswc9ng3be.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3adfywl6-8_k3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/21l8cb-spx64y.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40cqw2xvsic28.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2tas4cdfhcka2.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2p5xv3ji4tpih.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2a2ryz-j6u084.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/34kka7--tjqdq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10tjkstq_5xfm.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0i8v_bvzchj31.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1qmk7x_kcz83j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1u3eptdza7lch.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2e31ygy8ebm1u.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3lm048uldjetf.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ibs-m0_upaf_.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/00k10pkv-tsak.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/12rdo7yi_xy67.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mo9ebbh204wz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3esn6hsp0zi2j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/05c0se-tq2ipz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40mvjd0jr_7d7.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/27v_78eh3l1dt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3l0sm7fu8c2ni.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1hgfhws62t1s5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2-1ciy1x4js7n.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0g1nv87sz_mxq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/30u3fsn115_1j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1vjwc_dfj8v1b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3r8bletse_1-h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/32s6q_rspd3hd.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/057q44qw6_5uu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/313vt9_f08mnn.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/02eggfg7vwd9q.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0tzbwbomzrnqw.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/14trqrdc9kqx-.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ihhz2u0kvoai.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11md10s8bxc41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1j5h__1z96nq5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0myxz4gywm9of.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_v9g5x0fx29m.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3z1ylg82-_yrl.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/230359bhbwn7h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11kq2otno6-oj.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3v26kz_8xjyfu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10j6l_dhgof6p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3_4bswc9ng3be.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3adfywl6-8_k3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/21l8cb-spx64y.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40cqw2xvsic28.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2tas4cdfhcka2.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2p5xv3ji4tpih.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2a2ryz-j6u084.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/34kka7--tjqdq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10tjkstq_5xfm.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0i8v_bvzchj31.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1qmk7x_kcz83j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1u3eptdza7lch.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2e31ygy8ebm1u.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3lm048uldjetf.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ibs-m0_upaf_.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/00k10pkv-tsak.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/12rdo7yi_xy67.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mo9ebbh204wz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3esn6hsp0zi2j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/05c0se-tq2ipz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40mvjd0jr_7d7.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/27v_78eh3l1dt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3l0sm7fu8c2ni.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1hgfhws62t1s5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2-1ciy1x4js7n.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0g1nv87sz_mxq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/30u3fsn115_1j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1vjwc_dfj8v1b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3r8bletse_1-h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/32s6q_rspd3hd.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/057q44qw6_5uu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/313vt9_f08mnn.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/02eggfg7vwd9q.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0tzbwbomzrnqw.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/14trqrdc9kqx-.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ihhz2u0kvoai.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11md10s8bxc41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1j5h__1z96nq5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0myxz4gywm9of.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_v9g5x0fx29m.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3z1ylg82-_yrl.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/230359bhbwn7h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11kq2otno6-oj.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3v26kz_8xjyfu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10j6l_dhgof6p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3_4bswc9ng3be.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3adfywl6-8_k3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/21l8cb-spx64y.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40cqw2xvsic28.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2tas4cdfhcka2.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2p5xv3ji4tpih.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2a2ryz-j6u084.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/34kka7--tjqdq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10tjkstq_5xfm.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0i8v_bvzchj31.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1qmk7x_kcz83j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1u3eptdza7lch.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2e31ygy8ebm1u.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3lm048uldjetf.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ibs-m0_upaf_.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/00k10pkv-tsak.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/12rdo7yi_xy67.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mo9ebbh204wz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3esn6hsp0zi2j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/05c0se-tq2ipz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40mvjd0jr_7d7.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/27v_78eh3l1dt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3l0sm7fu8c2ni.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1hgfhws62t1s5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2-1ciy1x4js7n.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0g1nv87sz_mxq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/30u3fsn115_1j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1vjwc_dfj8v1b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3r8bletse_1-h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/32s6q_rspd3hd.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/057q44qw6_5uu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/313vt9_f08mnn.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/02eggfg7vwd9q.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0tzbwbomzrnqw.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/14trqrdc9kqx-.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ihhz2u0kvoai.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11md10s8bxc41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1j5h__1z96nq5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0myxz4gywm9of.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_v9g5x0fx29m.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3z1ylg82-_yrl.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/230359bhbwn7h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11kq2otno6-oj.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3v26kz_8xjyfu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10j6l_dhgof6p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3_4bswc9ng3be.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3adfywl6-8_k3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/21l8cb-spx64y.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40cqw2xvsic28.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2tas4cdfhcka2.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2p5xv3ji4tpih.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2a2ryz-j6u084.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/34kka7--tjqdq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10tjkstq_5xfm.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0i8v_bvzchj31.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1qmk7x_kcz83j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1u3eptdza7lch.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2e31ygy8ebm1u.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3lm048uldjetf.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ibs-m0_upaf_.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/00k10pkv-tsak.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/12rdo7yi_xy67.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mo9ebbh204wz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3esn6hsp0zi2j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/05c0se-tq2ipz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40mvjd0jr_7d7.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/27v_78eh3l1dt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3l0sm7fu8c2ni.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1hgfhws62t1s5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2-1ciy1x4js7n.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0g1nv87sz_mxq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/30u3fsn115_1j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1vjwc_dfj8v1b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3r8bletse_1-h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/32s6q_rspd3hd.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/as-level/psychology/ocr/as-moray-1959-auditory-attention/flashcards","label":"Moray (1959): Auditory attention","subjectCode":"as_level_psychology__ocr","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"694b6575-2a06-4d9d-9efe-54be8f995dca","title":"Moray (1959): Auditory attention Flashcards","topicId":"4aa66b0a-0454-5f97-9afd-1d6ba05a60e6","topicSlug":"as-moray-1959-auditory-attention","cards":[{"id":"c736bd61-4acf-4946-a614-e5530e2c11e4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Moray (1959) is a Cognitive core study of [ ].","back":"Moray (1959) is a Cognitive core study of auditory attention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"auditory attention","correct":true,"explanation":"Moray investigated how people selectively process spoken input when competing auditory messages are presented, making auditory attention the study’s central cognitive topic."},{"text":"visual attention","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual attention concerns selecting information seen by the eyes. Moray instead used spoken messages presented through headphones to investigate auditory attention."},{"text":"divided attention","correct":false,"explanation":"Divided attention involves attempting to attend to multiple tasks or sources simultaneously. Moray primarily investigated auditory attention and the selection of one spoken message."},{"text":"memory rehearsal","correct":false,"explanation":"Memory rehearsal means repeating information to maintain it in memory. Although participants repeated a message, Moray’s central topic was auditory attention."}]},{"id":"8340636f-fe70-4b25-94d8-83133b1feff2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What everyday effect was Moray trying to explain?","back":"The cocktail party effect.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The cocktail party effect.","correct":true,"explanation":"The cocktail party effect is the ability to focus on one conversation while potentially detecting personally meaningful information, such as one’s name, elsewhere."},{"text":"The serial position effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The serial position effect concerns better recall of items from the beginning and end of a list. Moray was trying to explain the cocktail party effect."},{"text":"The Stroop effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Stroop effect is interference between a word’s meaning and its printed colour. Moray instead examined the cocktail party effect in auditory attention."},{"text":"The weapon focus effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The weapon focus effect describes reduced eyewitness memory when attention is drawn to a weapon. Moray investigated the cocktail party effect instead."}]},{"id":"6f2491b0-7cb3-4cbb-af1f-0ca5577442fd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Selective attention means focusing on one source while ignoring [ ].","back":"Selective attention means focusing on one source while ignoring competing information.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"competing information","correct":true,"explanation":"Selective attention directs limited processing resources towards one chosen source while other competing information is ignored or filtered from conscious awareness."},{"text":"relevant information","correct":false,"explanation":"Relevant information is normally the material selected for attention rather than ignored. Selective attention involves focusing on one source while ignoring competing information."},{"text":"the chosen source","correct":false,"explanation":"The chosen source is the target of selective attention, so it is processed rather than ignored. The material being ignored is competing information."},{"text":"all sensory input","correct":false,"explanation":"Selective attention does not necessarily eliminate every form of sensory input. It prioritises one source while ignoring the competing information surrounding it."}]},{"id":"0d4d2eb0-9ad4-4e10-b1db-3da0a5600078","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In [ ], different sounds are played into each ear at the same time.","back":"In dichotic listening, different sounds are played into each ear at the same time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"dichotic listening","correct":true,"explanation":"Dichotic listening presents a different auditory message to each ear simultaneously, allowing researchers to compare processing of attended and rejected messages."},{"text":"monaural listening","correct":false,"explanation":"Monaural listening uses one ear or presents material through a single auditory channel. Different simultaneous messages presented to separate ears constitute dichotic listening."},{"text":"shadowing","correct":false,"explanation":"Shadowing is the act of repeating an attended message aloud, not the method of presenting separate sounds. That presentation method is dichotic listening."},{"text":"free recall","correct":false,"explanation":"Free recall asks participants to retrieve remembered material in any order. Presenting different sounds to the two ears simultaneously is dichotic listening."}]},{"id":"e5704671-15df-49cf-9e6d-ceab5890f064","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In [ ], participants repeat one message aloud as they hear it.","back":"In shadowing, participants repeat one message aloud as they hear it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"shadowing","correct":true,"explanation":"Shadowing requires participants to repeat an attended auditory message aloud as it is presented, demonstrating that they are following the designated channel."},{"text":"free recall","correct":false,"explanation":"Free recall involves retrieving previously learned information without reproducing it simultaneously. Repeating a message aloud while hearing it is called shadowing."},{"text":"dichotic listening","correct":false,"explanation":"Dichotic listening describes presenting different sounds to each ear, whereas the participant’s repetition of one message aloud is specifically called shadowing."},{"text":"recognition","correct":false,"explanation":"Recognition involves identifying information encountered previously, usually from given alternatives. Repeating a spoken message immediately as it is heard is shadowing."}]},{"id":"d21b6def-0b67-4912-b809-102ada325fc8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The message participants were told to ignore was the [ ].","back":"The message participants were told to ignore was the rejected message.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"rejected message","correct":true,"explanation":"The rejected message was the auditory channel participants were instructed to ignore while they attended to and shadowed the other message."},{"text":"attended message","correct":false,"explanation":"The attended message was deliberately selected and processed rather than ignored. Moray called the channel participants were told to ignore the rejected message."},{"text":"shadowed message","correct":false,"explanation":"The shadowed message was the one participants repeated aloud, so it was the attended channel. The ignored channel was called the rejected message."},{"text":"repeated message","correct":false,"explanation":"The repeated message was actively followed and spoken aloud rather than ignored. The message participants were instructed to disregard was the rejected message."}]},{"id":"06b54628-ed35-4635-8f4c-766958748e1f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What core filter question did Moray test?","back":"Whether ignored speech is blocked completely or meaningful information breaks through.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Whether ignored speech is blocked completely or meaningful information breaks through.","correct":true,"explanation":"Moray tested whether an attentional filter prevents all processing of ignored speech or permits personally meaningful material, such as the listener’s name, to reach awareness."},{"text":"Whether attended speech is remembered completely or repeated information fades quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"This focuses on memory for attended material rather than filtering of unattended input. Moray tested whether ignored speech is blocked completely or meaningful information breaks through."},{"text":"Whether ignored speech is heard more loudly or visual information breaks through.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moray did not compare auditory loudness with visual processing. He tested whether ignored speech is blocked completely or whether meaningful auditory information breaks through."},{"text":"Whether both messages are processed equally and all information reaches awareness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selective attention does not assume that both channels receive equal conscious processing. Moray tested whether ignored speech is blocked completely or meaningful information breaks through."}]},{"id":"5363a7da-02d3-4f64-b148-391c6d734a2d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did repeated measures help control participant variables?","back":"The same participants completed conditions, reducing hearing/memory differences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The same participants completed conditions, reducing hearing/memory differences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using the same people in every condition keeps individual characteristics, including hearing ability and memory, constant across comparisons and therefore controls participant variables."},{"text":"The different participants completed conditions, reducing order/practice effects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using different participants describes an independent measures design and allows individual differences between groups. Repeated measures controls participant variables because the same participants complete the conditions."},{"text":"The random allocation created equal groups, reducing hearing/memory differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation is associated with independent groups and cannot guarantee equal hearing or memory ability. Repeated measures uses the same participants across conditions."},{"text":"The matched participants completed conditions, equating hearing/memory differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matching participants is a separate design and may only approximate equality between individuals. Repeated measures directly controls hearing and memory differences by using the same participants."}]},{"id":"6d5e6b8d-3db4-4374-a6e5-2553426ea5d8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the key sample bias in Moray?","back":"A small opportunity sample, mainly students and research workers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A small opportunity sample, mainly students and research workers.","correct":true,"explanation":"The participants were recruited through opportunity sampling and were mostly students or research workers. This small, unrepresentative group limits how confidently the findings can be generalised."},{"text":"A large random sample, mainly members of the general public.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moray did not randomly select a large, representative group from the public. The study used a small opportunity sample consisting mainly of students and research workers."},{"text":"A small stratified sample, mainly school pupils and teachers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stratified sampling would deliberately represent selected population groups, but Moray used availability rather than strata. The sample was mainly students and research workers recruited through opportunity sampling."},{"text":"A large volunteer sample, mainly hospital patients and clinicians.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample was neither large nor primarily drawn from a hospital setting. Moray used a small opportunity sample made up mainly of students and research workers."}]},{"id":"ade6caf6-7ce1-4c23-a718-0ba6851bfb12","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Experiment 1 find after neutral words were repeated in the rejected ear?","back":"There was little or no recognition of the neutral material.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There was little or no recognition of the neutral material.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeated neutral words in the rejected ear produced little or no later recognition. This suggests that unattended, personally insignificant material received very limited semantic processing."},{"text":"There was clear and consistent recognition of the neutral material.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assuming repetition guarantees awareness overlooks the effect of selective attention. Participants showed little or no recognition of neutral material repeatedly presented through the rejected ear."},{"text":"There was moderate but reliable recognition of the neutral material.","correct":false,"explanation":"The results did not establish a reliable intermediate level of recognition. Participants demonstrated little or no recognition of the neutral words presented through the rejected channel."},{"text":"There was almost complete recognition of the neutral material.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observed pattern by treating rejected information as if it had been attended. In fact, there was little or no recognition of the neutral material."}]},{"id":"aa92223a-25c7-4e52-9922-16dcf1e31fb3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What key result did Moray find for participants hearing their own name?","back":"4 out of 12 participants noticed it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"4 out of 12 participants noticed it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Four of the twelve participants detected their own name in the rejected message. The minority response shows that meaningful information can sometimes penetrate selective auditory attention."},{"text":"3 out of 12 participants noticed it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This slightly underestimates the reported frequency, possibly from confusing one quarter with the actual result. Moray found that 4 out of 12 participants noticed their name."},{"text":"6 out of 12 participants noticed it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly turns the finding into a response from half the sample. Only 4 out of 12 participants reported noticing their own name in the rejected ear."},{"text":"9 out of 12 participants noticed it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This greatly overstates the consistency of own-name detection and would suggest a strong majority effect. Moray actually found that 4 out of 12 participants noticed it."}]},{"id":"1fd693bd-66ad-4bd1-b5ba-f334b2927aa3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What cautious conclusion follows from the own-name result?","back":"Personally meaningful cues can sometimes break through.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Personally meaningful cues can sometimes break through.","correct":true,"explanation":"Only a minority detected their own name, so the evidence supports a qualified conclusion. Personally meaningful information can sometimes pass through the attentional filter, but not consistently."},{"text":"Personally meaningful cues can always break through.","correct":false,"explanation":"The word “always” overgeneralises from a minority response. Because only 4 of 12 participants noticed their own name, meaningful cues can sometimes, rather than invariably, break through."},{"text":"Personally meaningful cues can never break through.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the attentional filter as completely impermeable, contradicting the own-name detections. Moray’s result shows that personally meaningful cues can sometimes break through."},{"text":"Personally meaningful cues can usually break through.","correct":false,"explanation":"Detection by only 4 of 12 participants does not support the claim that breakthrough is usual. The cautious conclusion is that personally meaningful cues can sometimes break through."}]},{"id":"1bac10fe-c9d1-4a84-945a-0c724f8b818a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Experiment 3 find about attended versus rejected digits?","back":"Digits were reported more accurately from the attended message.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Digits were reported more accurately from the attended message.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants recalled digits more successfully when they appeared in the message they were shadowing. Attention therefore improved digit reporting compared with presentation through the rejected channel."},{"text":"Digits were reported more accurately from the rejected message.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of selective attention in Experiment 3. Digit reporting was more accurate from the attended message, while processing of rejected-channel digits remained limited."},{"text":"Digits were reported equally accurately from both messages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal performance would imply that attention had no effect on digit processing. Moray instead found more accurate reports for digits presented in the attended message."},{"text":"Digits were reported more accurately from the message presented second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant difference was attentional status, not whether a message or digit sequence came second. Digits were reported more accurately from the attended message."}]},{"id":"b9961429-0762-41c5-a1ec-563270b3cf50","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What effect did digit-monitoring instructions have in Experiment 3?","back":"They did not greatly improve rejected-channel processing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They did not greatly improve rejected-channel processing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Even when participants were instructed to monitor for digits, their processing of the rejected channel remained poor. Instructions alone did not substantially overcome selective attention."},{"text":"They greatly improved rejected-channel processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes that an instruction to monitor automatically redirects sufficient attention to the rejected ear. Experiment 3 found that the instructions did not greatly improve rejected-channel processing."},{"text":"They completely prevented rejected-channel processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"The findings showed limited processing, not the total elimination of all rejected-channel information. Digit-monitoring instructions did not greatly improve processing of that channel."},{"text":"They made fully accurate rejected-channel processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overstates the effect of task instructions by implying perfect reporting from the unattended ear. The instructions did not greatly improve rejected-channel processing."}]},{"id":"074fd973-04f9-4ecf-975a-8090c47bbaa9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Moray conclude about most unattended auditory information?","back":"It is not processed for meaning.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is not processed for meaning.","correct":true,"explanation":"Poor recognition of neutral words and rejected-channel digits suggested that most unattended auditory input receives little semantic analysis. Moray therefore concluded that it is not processed for meaning."},{"text":"It is fully processed for meaning.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects a late-selection account in which all inputs receive semantic analysis, but Moray’s findings supported restricted processing. Most unattended auditory information is not processed for meaning."},{"text":"It is usually processed for meaning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Occasional detection of a meaningful cue does not show that semantic processing is usual. Moray concluded that most unattended auditory information is not processed for meaning."},{"text":"It is processed more deeply than attended information.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the role of selective attention, which favoured processing of the shadowed message. Moray concluded that most unattended auditory information is not processed for meaning."}]},{"id":"48f14e07-b314-4b84-889d-4058346c33ed","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Moray challenge a strict Broadbent filter model?","back":"Own-name detection showed ignored speech was not completely blocked.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Own-name detection showed ignored speech was not completely blocked.","correct":true,"explanation":"Some participants detected their own name in the rejected ear, demonstrating that the filter was not completely impermeable. Personally significant information could occasionally reach awareness."},{"text":"Own-name detection showed ignored speech was completely blocked.","correct":false,"explanation":"Detection of names in the rejected ear directly contradicts complete blockage. Moray challenged a strict filter because ignored speech was not completely blocked from further processing."},{"text":"Own-name detection showed ignored speech was always consciously analysed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only 4 of 12 participants noticed their name, so the study cannot support universal conscious analysis. It showed only that ignored speech was not completely blocked."},{"text":"Own-name detection showed ignored speech was physically louder than attended speech.","correct":false,"explanation":"The own-name effect concerned personal meaning, not a difference in sound intensity. It challenged strict filtering because ignored speech was not completely blocked from processing."}]},{"id":"9bdcf0ec-42a6-4e93-bb37-c3480d22d1a7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Moray fits [ ] theories: unattended information is weakened, not blocked.","back":"Moray fits attenuation theories: unattended information is weakened, not blocked.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"attenuation","correct":true,"explanation":"Attenuation theories propose that unattended input is weakened rather than completely filtered out. Moray’s finding that personally significant information can break through supports this account."},{"text":"early-selection","correct":false,"explanation":"Early-selection theories propose that unattended information is blocked before its meaning is processed. Moray instead supports attenuation because unattended input is weakened and significant material may still be detected."},{"text":"late-selection","correct":false,"explanation":"Late-selection theories suggest that all inputs receive semantic processing before selection. Moray is more specifically associated with attenuation, where unattended information receives weakened rather than full processing."},{"text":"capacity","correct":false,"explanation":"Capacity theories explain attention through the allocation of limited mental resources. The claim that unattended information is weakened rather than blocked specifically describes attenuation theories."}]},{"id":"6632d64a-209f-467b-a7da-2ef5a0a3154a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did headphones and recorded messages improve reliability?","back":"They standardised auditory input, making replication easier.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They standardised auditory input, making replication easier.","correct":true,"explanation":"Recordings delivered consistent messages through headphones, reducing variation in presentation between participants. This standardisation makes the procedure more reliable and easier for other researchers to replicate."},{"text":"They increased auditory realism, making generalisation easier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Headphones and recordings made the situation more controlled, not more realistic. Their main benefit was standardised auditory input, which improved reliability and made replication easier."},{"text":"They eliminated participant variables, making comparison easier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised equipment cannot remove individual differences such as hearing ability or attention. It standardised auditory input, reducing procedural variation and making replication easier."},{"text":"They prevented demand characteristics, making responses more natural.","correct":false,"explanation":"Headphones and recordings do not prevent participants from guessing the study’s aim. They improved reliability by standardising auditory input so that participants experienced consistent messages."}]},{"id":"756385b0-8bba-4a41-aa81-f90a5c4b9e4c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was Moray low in ecological validity?","back":"Headphones and shadowing aloud are artificial compared with natural listening.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Headphones and shadowing aloud are artificial compared with natural listening.","correct":true,"explanation":"Everyday listening rarely involves repeating one headphone message aloud while ignoring another. This artificial task limits how confidently Moray’s findings can be generalised to natural attention."},{"text":"Headphones and shadowing aloud are unreliable compared with natural listening.","correct":false,"explanation":"The controlled equipment and procedure actually support reliability through standardisation. Ecological validity was low because headphones and shadowing aloud are artificial compared with ordinary listening."},{"text":"Headphones and shadowing aloud are unethical compared with natural listening.","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificiality concerns ecological validity, not necessarily ethics. Moray had low ecological validity because wearing headphones and shadowing a message aloud differ from natural listening situations."},{"text":"Headphones and shadowing aloud are uncontrolled compared with natural listening.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moray’s laboratory procedure was highly controlled rather than uncontrolled. Its ecological validity was low because headphones and spoken shadowing created an artificial listening task."}]},{"id":"9fa93032-1848-4e1c-b845-09dcff8d2544","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How could shadowing reduce internal validity?","back":"It adds memory and speech-production load to the task.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It adds memory and speech-production load to the task.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shadowing requires participants to retain and repeat attended words while also selecting between messages. These added memory and speech demands may affect performance independently of auditory attention."},{"text":"It adds visual and spatial-processing load to the task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shadowing is an auditory-verbal procedure, so visual and spatial processing are not its main additional demands. It adds memory and speech-production load, which may confound attention performance."},{"text":"It adds emotional and motivational load to the task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shadowing does not inherently create substantial emotional or motivational demands. Its main confounding demands are remembering heard material and producing speech while completing the attention task."},{"text":"It adds social and interpersonal load to the task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeating a message aloud does not primarily involve social interaction. Shadowing adds memory and speech-production load, creating alternative influences on performance besides selective attention."}]},{"id":"ebcc10f9-d25d-479b-a612-33dcbf3e9cae","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which ethical issue may have been limited in the own-name condition?","back":"Full informed consent about the study’s purpose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Full informed consent about the study’s purpose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Revealing that participants’ own names would appear in unattended messages could alter their attention and create demand characteristics. They therefore may not have received full informed consent about the purpose."},{"text":"Full protection from harm during the study.","correct":false,"explanation":"The own-name condition did not present an obvious risk of psychological or physical harm. The issue was informed consent because fully revealing the purpose could have affected participants’ behaviour."},{"text":"Full confidentiality about the study’s results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using participants’ names does not necessarily mean their data or identities were disclosed. The limited ethical safeguard was informed consent, as the precise purpose may have been withheld."},{"text":"Full right to withdraw during the study.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nothing about the own-name condition necessarily prevented participants from leaving. The likely limitation concerned informed consent because explaining the name manipulation could reveal the hypothesis."}]},{"id":"410b8193-bd1d-4bb4-a074-c4f1d7c0de80","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Simons and Chabris (1999) investigated [ ].","back":"Simons and Chabris (1999) investigated inattentional blindness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"inattentional blindness","correct":true,"explanation":"Simons and Chabris showed that concentrating on a demanding visual task can cause observers to miss an unexpected, visible event. This failure is called inattentional blindness."},{"text":"change blindness","correct":false,"explanation":"Change blindness is failure to notice an alteration between visual scenes. Simons and Chabris instead investigated inattentional blindness, where focused attention causes an unexpected visible object to go unnoticed."},{"text":"auditory masking","correct":false,"explanation":"Auditory masking occurs when one sound makes another difficult to hear. Simons and Chabris used a visual basketball-counting task to investigate inattentional blindness."},{"text":"selective amnesia","correct":false,"explanation":"The missed event was caused by limited visual attention, not a failure to store or retrieve a memory. Simons and Chabris investigated inattentional blindness."}]},{"id":"5b73e047-4490-49be-9b79-231d96b65d02","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What key similarity links Moray with Simons and Chabris?","back":"Both show attention is selective and limited.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Both show attention is selective and limited.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants prioritised task-relevant input and often missed other information in both studies. This demonstrates that attention selects certain stimuli and has limited capacity."},{"text":"Both show attention is automatic and unlimited.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequent failures to notice unattended stimuli show that attention does not process everything automatically or without limit. Both studies demonstrate that attention is selective and limited."},{"text":"Both show attention is visual and unconscious.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moray investigated auditory rather than visual attention, so the studies cannot both establish that attention is visual. Their shared conclusion is that attention is selective and limited."},{"text":"Both show attention is accurate and complete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants missed important unattended information, so processing was neither consistently accurate nor complete. Both studies instead show that attention selects some input and has limited capacity."}]},{"id":"283694b8-003f-4e6f-9e04-24aaaf98c827","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What key method difference separates Moray from Simons and Chabris?","back":"

Moray: auditory dichotic listening and shadowing.
Simons and Chabris: visual basketball video task.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Moray: auditory dichotic listening and shadowing.
Simons and Chabris: visual basketball video task.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Moray studied auditory attention by presenting different messages to each ear and requiring shadowing. Simons and Chabris studied visual attention using a basketball-passing video."},{"text":"

Moray: visual basketball video task.
Simons and Chabris: auditory dichotic listening and shadowing.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The two methods have been reversed. Moray used auditory dichotic listening and shadowing, whereas Simons and Chabris used a visual basketball video task."},{"text":"

Moray: auditory word-recall and recognition.
Simons and Chabris: visual photograph comparison task.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These descriptions confuse the studies with general memory and change-detection procedures. Moray used dichotic listening and shadowing, while Simons and Chabris used a basketball video."},{"text":"

Moray: visual reaction-time and tracking.
Simons and Chabris: auditory conversation recording task.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither method matches the named study. Moray used auditory dichotic listening and shadowing, while Simons and Chabris tested visual attention with a basketball video."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Moray (1959): Auditory attention","title":"Moray (1959): Auditory attention Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"4aa66b0a-0454-5f97-9afd-1d6ba05a60e6","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]