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Shiffrin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atkinson and Shiffrin developed the multi-store model rather than the working memory model. Baddeley and Hitch proposed the working memory model in 1974."},{"text":"Peterson and Peterson.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peterson and Peterson investigated the duration of short-term memory using consonant trigrams. The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974."},{"text":"Craiк and Lockhart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Craik and Lockhart proposed the levels of processing framework, which links memory to depth of processing. Baddeley and Hitch proposed the working memory model."}]},{"id":"94dbb089-c879-4fc7-be14-a972566a4b34","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Baddeley and Hitch argued that short-term memory is not [ ], but a set of [ ].","back":"Baddeley and Hitch argued that short-term memory is not one unitary store, but a set of interacting systems.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Baddeley and Hitch argued that short-term memory is not one unitary store, but a set of interacting systems.","correct":true,"explanation":"The working memory model rejects a single short-term store and describes several interacting components that process different types of information while coordinating cognitive tasks."},{"text":"Baddeley and Hitch argued that short-term memory is not one temporary store, but a set of interacting systems.","correct":false,"explanation":"The contrast concerns whether short-term memory is unitary, not whether it is temporary. Baddeley and Hitch described it as interacting systems rather than one unitary store."},{"text":"Baddeley and Hitch argued that short-term memory is not one unitary store, but a set of independent systems.","correct":false,"explanation":"The components are not fully independent because the central executive coordinates them and the episodic buffer integrates information. The model therefore describes interacting systems."},{"text":"Baddeley and Hitch argued that short-term memory is not one sensory store, but a set of sequential stages.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses working memory with sensory memory and stage models. Baddeley and Hitch rejected one unitary short-term store in favour of interacting systems."}]},{"id":"fc3a1d97-ab2c-4d3c-b1cd-b887c1e50728","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Working memory [ ] and [ ] information during thinking or problem-solving.","back":"Working memory holds and manipulates information during thinking or problem-solving.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Working memory holds and manipulates information during thinking or problem-solving.","correct":true,"explanation":"Working memory temporarily holds information while actively manipulating it, allowing the information to be used during demanding cognitive activities such as reasoning and problem-solving."},{"text":"Working memory holds and passively records information during thinking or problem-solving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Working memory is active rather than merely a passive recording system. It holds and manipulates information so that it can support thinking and problem-solving."},{"text":"Working memory permanently stores and manipulates information during thinking or problem-solving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent storage is associated with long-term memory, not working memory. Working memory temporarily holds and manipulates information needed for the current cognitive task."},{"text":"Working memory encodes and retrieves information during thinking or problem-solving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encoding and retrieval describe processes linking memory stores, but they do not define working memory’s immediate function. Working memory holds and manipulates currently needed information."}]},{"id":"9b421825-ffad-4029-b272-a5212087a31a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which WMM component controls attention?","back":"The central executive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The central executive.","correct":true,"explanation":"The central executive directs attention, allocates limited processing resources and coordinates the other components of working memory when tasks are being performed."},{"text":"The phonological loop.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phonological loop temporarily processes verbal and acoustic information rather than controlling attention. Attention is directed and allocated by the central executive."},{"text":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad.","correct":false,"explanation":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad temporarily processes visual and spatial information. The central executive is the component responsible for controlling attention and coordinating resources."},{"text":"The episodic buffer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The episodic buffer integrates information from different sources into coherent episodes. The central executive controls attention and allocates working-memory capacity."}]},{"id":"4aa550a1-de1b-48fc-8115-6387757cb943","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens when one task uses lots of central executive capacity?","back":"There is less capacity left for another task.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There is less capacity left for another task.","correct":true,"explanation":"The central executive has limited processing capacity, so a demanding task consumes resources and leaves less capacity available for a second task performed simultaneously."},{"text":"There is more capacity left for another task.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between task demand and available resources. Because central executive capacity is limited, a demanding task leaves less capacity for another task."},{"text":"There is the same capacity left for another task.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes central executive resources are unaffected by task demands. Its capacity is limited, so using much of it leaves less available for another task."},{"text":"There is unlimited capacity left for another task.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central executive does not have unlimited resources. When one task uses much of its limited capacity, less capacity remains for another simultaneous task."}]},{"id":"3a9f636d-2ea5-428b-a625-b40f2e7f4010","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the central executive lack a clear coding format?","back":"It is a controller, not a storage system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is a controller, not a storage system.","correct":true,"explanation":"The central executive allocates attention and coordinates other working-memory components rather than storing a particular type of information, so it has no specific coding format."},{"text":"It is a visual store, not a control system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual and spatial material is stored by the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The central executive lacks a coding format because it is a controller rather than a storage system."},{"text":"It is a verbal store, not a control system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Verbal and sound-based material is handled by the phonological loop. The central executive has no clear coding format because it controls attention rather than storing information."},{"text":"It is an episodic store, not a control system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The episodic buffer temporarily combines information into integrated episodes. The central executive lacks a coding format because it acts as a controller, not a storage system."}]},{"id":"65b9ce78-2779-451a-80a8-404e2695a8bd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which WMM component deals with speech-based and sound-based information?","back":"The phonological loop.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The phonological loop.","correct":true,"explanation":"The phonological loop processes speech-based and sound-based information through the phonological store and the articulatory control process."},{"text":"The central executive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central executive controls attention and coordinates working-memory resources rather than processing a specific sensory format. Speech-based and sound-based information is handled by the phonological loop."},{"text":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad.","correct":false,"explanation":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad processes visual appearance and spatial relationships, not speech or sound. Speech-based and sound-based material is handled by the phonological loop."},{"text":"The episodic buffer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The episodic buffer integrates information from working memory and long-term memory into episodes. The phonological loop specifically handles speech-based and sound-based information."}]},{"id":"be78f0cf-ee56-44fd-97c8-85e6c1cb8936","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The phonological store is the [ ]; the articulatory control process is the [ ].","back":"The phonological store is the inner ear; the articulatory control process is the inner voice.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The phonological store is the inner ear; the articulatory control process is the inner voice.","correct":true,"explanation":"The phonological store acts as an inner ear by holding heard words, while the articulatory control process acts as an inner voice through verbal rehearsal."},{"text":"The phonological store is the inner voice; the articulatory control process is the inner voice.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns verbal rehearsal to both parts of the loop. The phonological store is the inner ear, while the articulatory control process is the inner voice."},{"text":"The phonological store is the inner ear; the articulatory control process is the inner eye.","correct":false,"explanation":"The inner eye refers to visual processing associated with the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The articulatory control process is the inner voice, while the phonological store is the inner ear."},{"text":"The phonological store is the inner eye; the articulatory control process is the inner ear.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses phonological processing with visual imagery and misassigns the sound store. The phonological store is the inner ear, and the articulatory process is the inner voice."}]},{"id":"6f444b43-60b3-4898-ba9e-d904f12fe791","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How long does the phonological store hold spoken information?","back":"Around 1.5 to 2 seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Around 1.5 to 2 seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Spoken information remains in the phonological store for roughly 1.5 to 2 seconds unless the articulatory control process refreshes it through rehearsal."},{"text":"Around 15 to 20 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the phonological store with broader estimates of short-term memory duration. Its unrefreshed spoken information fades after only around 1.5 to 2 seconds."},{"text":"Around 5 to 10 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates the brief duration of the phonological store. Without rehearsal, its acoustic trace lasts only around 1.5 to 2 seconds."},{"text":"Around 0.25 to 0.5 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"This underestimates how long the acoustic trace remains available. The phonological store holds spoken information for around 1.5 to 2 seconds without rehearsal."}]},{"id":"b78fb4d7-a07c-453a-80d6-a88147dfa742","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the articulatory control process do?","back":"It rehearses information so it does not fade quickly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It rehearses information so it does not fade quickly.","correct":true,"explanation":"The articulatory control process repeats verbal material through subvocal rehearsal, refreshing its acoustic trace before it fades from the time-limited phonological store."},{"text":"It directs attention so tasks receive equal processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Directing and switching attention are functions of the central executive, not the articulatory control process. The articulatory control process rehearses verbal information to prevent rapid decay."},{"text":"It stores visual information so images remain detailed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporary storage of visual form belongs to the visual cache within the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The articulatory control process instead rehearses verbal information to prevent it fading."},{"text":"It integrates information so memories form unified episodes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Integrating information into unified episodes is the episodic buffer’s role. The articulatory control process maintains verbal material by rehearsing it before its phonological trace decays."}]},{"id":"89ba3664-5958-4e54-bce8-0e67f978bb46","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The phonological loop mainly uses [ ], so it stores words by [ ] rather than meaning.","back":"The phonological loop mainly uses acoustic coding, so it stores words by sound rather than meaning.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The phonological loop mainly uses acoustic coding, so it stores words by sound rather than meaning.","correct":true,"explanation":"The phonological loop represents verbal material acoustically. Words are therefore stored according to how they sound, explaining why acoustically similar words are easily confused."},{"text":"The phonological loop mainly uses visual coding, so it stores words by appearance rather than meaning.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the phonological loop with the visual cache. The phonological loop primarily uses acoustic coding, representing words by their sound rather than their appearance or meaning."},{"text":"The phonological loop mainly uses semantic coding, so it stores words by association rather than meaning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Semantic coding concerns meaning and is especially associated with long-term memory. The phonological loop primarily uses acoustic coding, storing verbal material according to sound."},{"text":"The phonological loop mainly uses motor coding, so it stores words by articulation rather than meaning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subvocal articulation rehearses material but is not the loop’s main storage code. The phonological loop uses acoustic coding, so words are represented chiefly by sound."}]},{"id":"a2f63d6a-600f-4dd6-8ff7-42e8bc2299e7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the word length effect support the phonological loop?","back":"

Short words are recalled better than long words.
Faster rehearsal fits time-limited phonological capacity.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Short words are recalled better than long words.
Faster rehearsal fits time-limited phonological capacity.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Short words can be rehearsed more quickly before their traces decay, allowing more items to remain in the phonological loop’s limited, time-based capacity."},{"text":"

Long words are recalled better than short words.
Slower rehearsal fits time-limited phonological capacity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the word length effect. Short words are recalled better because they can be rehearsed faster within the phonological loop’s limited time span."},{"text":"

Similar meanings are recalled better than different meanings.
Semantic rehearsal fits time-limited phonological capacity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly treats the effect as semantic rather than phonological. Short words are recalled better because faster articulatory rehearsal refreshes more items before they decay."},{"text":"

Pictures are recalled better than spoken words.
Visual rehearsal fits time-limited phonological capacity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the word length effect with visual processing. The effect concerns verbal material: short words are recalled better because they can be rehearsed more quickly."}]},{"id":"64438b10-67ed-4d82-b342-6d86595acc74","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which WMM component temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information?","back":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad.","correct":true,"explanation":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad temporarily stores and manipulates information about visual appearance, spatial location and movement, functioning as the working memory model’s inner eye."},{"text":"The phonological loop.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phonological loop processes verbal and acoustic information rather than visual and spatial material. Temporary visual and spatial processing is performed by the visuo-spatial sketchpad."},{"text":"The central executive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central executive allocates attention and coordinates the other components rather than storing visual-spatial material itself. That storage and manipulation occurs in the visuo-spatial sketchpad."},{"text":"The episodic buffer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The episodic buffer combines information from different working-memory components and long-term memory. The visuo-spatial sketchpad specifically stores and manipulates visual and spatial information."}]},{"id":"e2e5a6a0-245e-4012-b2c2-9762beb68c70","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] stores form and colour; the [ ] handles spatial relationships and movement.","back":"The visual cache stores form and colour; the inner scribe handles spatial relationships and movement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The visual cache stores form and colour; the inner scribe handles spatial relationships and movement.","correct":true,"explanation":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad is divided by function: the visual cache retains appearance, form and colour, while the inner scribe processes locations, movement and spatial arrangements."},{"text":"The inner scribe stores form and colour; the visual cache handles spatial relationships and movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two visuo-spatial subsystems. The visual cache stores form and colour, whereas the inner scribe processes spatial relationships and movement."},{"text":"The visual cache stores form and colour; the central executive handles spatial relationships and movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central executive controls attention rather than directly processing movement and spatial relationships. The visual cache stores form and colour, while the inner scribe handles spatial information."},{"text":"The episodic buffer stores form and colour; the inner scribe handles spatial relationships and movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"The episodic buffer integrates information across memory systems rather than specialising in visual appearance. The visual cache stores form and colour, while the inner scribe handles spatial information."}]},{"id":"a3c03a36-7e3e-493d-9e5a-f530f741a02c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which WMM component integrates the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and long-term memory?","back":"The episodic buffer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The episodic buffer.","correct":true,"explanation":"The episodic buffer temporarily binds information from the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and long-term memory into coherent, multi-modal episodes."},{"text":"The central executive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central executive directs attention and coordinates working-memory activity, but the episodic buffer specifically integrates information from the subsidiary systems with long-term memory."},{"text":"The phonological loop.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phonological loop stores and rehearses verbal or acoustic material rather than integrating several memory systems. That multi-modal binding function belongs to the episodic buffer."},{"text":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad.","correct":false,"explanation":"The visuo-spatial sketchpad processes visual and spatial material rather than combining information across working memory and long-term memory. Integration is performed by the episodic buffer."}]},{"id":"cc39b2e4-b36e-4256-84ec-c6d5c1d41c1f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The episodic buffer uses [ ] and has a capacity of around [ ].","back":"The episodic buffer uses multi-modal coding and has a capacity of around four chunks.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The episodic buffer uses multi-modal coding and has a capacity of around four chunks.","correct":true,"explanation":"The episodic buffer combines information from different sensory forms and memory systems, so its coding is multi-modal. Its limited capacity is estimated at approximately four chunks."},{"text":"The episodic buffer uses unimodal coding and has a capacity of around seven chunks.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines two misconceptions: the buffer integrates several modalities rather than one, and seven chunks reflects older short-term memory estimates. It uses multi-modal coding and holds around four chunks."},{"text":"The episodic buffer uses multi-modal coding and has a capacity of around seven chunks.","correct":false,"explanation":"The coding type is correct, but seven chunks comes from older estimates of general short-term memory capacity. The episodic buffer’s capacity is around four chunks."},{"text":"The episodic buffer uses acoustic coding and has a capacity of around four chunks.","correct":false,"explanation":"The capacity is correct, but acoustic coding is associated with verbal processing in the phonological loop. The episodic buffer uses multi-modal coding to bind different kinds of information."}]},{"id":"b45b4507-54db-4312-8754-cdc8e720de65","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What weakness in the original WMM did the episodic buffer address?","back":"It explained linking to LTM and binding different information.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It explained linking to LTM and binding different information.","correct":true,"explanation":"The episodic buffer was added to explain how working memory integrates information from different stores and connects it with long-term memory in a single episode."},{"text":"It explained attention control and switching between tasks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attention control and task switching are functions of the central executive, not the reason the episodic buffer was added. The episodic buffer addressed linking to LTM and binding information."},{"text":"It explained separate visual stores and rehearsal of verbal information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual storage and verbal rehearsal belong to the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop. The episodic buffer was introduced to explain binding and links with long-term memory."},{"text":"It explained memory duration and the capacity of STM.","correct":false,"explanation":"Duration and capacity are general memory features, not the original gap the episodic buffer fixed. The key weakness was explaining integration across stores and links to LTM."}]},{"id":"b6b68a8f-afc9-4f67-8c2b-1d98e246d7cb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a spoken-postcode task, which second task disrupts recall more: repeating words or mentally rotating a shape?","back":"Repeating words.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Repeating words.","correct":true,"explanation":"A spoken-postcode task uses the phonological loop, so repeating words disrupts the same verbal-acoustic store and interferes more strongly with recall."},{"text":"Mentally rotating a shape.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mental rotation mainly uses the visuo-spatial sketchpad, so it interferes less with a spoken-postcode task. Repeating words is more disruptive because both tasks use the phonological loop."},{"text":"Watching a static picture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Looking at a static visual stimulus would mainly involve visual processing, not the verbal-acoustic coding needed for a spoken postcode. Repeating words disrupts recall more."},{"text":"Tapping a rhythm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rhythmic tapping may use attention or motor control, but it is not the closest competition for verbal rehearsal. Repeating words disrupts the phonological loop most directly."}]},{"id":"d292c71c-09e5-4c98-8f8c-08795b8045f1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does repeating words disrupt a spoken-postcode task more than mental rotation?","back":"

Repeating words competes for the phonological loop.
Mental rotation mainly uses the visuo-spatial sketchpad.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Repeating words competes for the phonological loop.
Mental rotation mainly uses the visuo-spatial sketchpad.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The two tasks draw on different slave systems. Repeating words clashes with the spoken postcode in the phonological loop, while mental rotation mainly uses visual-spatial processing."},{"text":"

Repeating words competes for the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
Mental rotation mainly uses the phonological loop.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two working-memory stores. Verbal repetition uses the phonological loop, whereas mentally rotating a shape mainly uses the visuo-spatial sketchpad."},{"text":"

Repeating words competes for the central executive.
Mental rotation mainly uses the episodic buffer.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These labels are too broad and miss the specific slave systems. The stronger disruption occurs because repeating words directly competes for the phonological loop."},{"text":"

Repeating words competes for the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
Mental rotation mainly uses long-term memory.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeating words is not a visual-spatial task, and mental rotation is a working-memory task rather than mainly long-term memory. The correct contrast is phonological loop versus sketchpad."}]},{"id":"aa185a04-21cf-40bc-8c8a-84c7e9affb22","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Baddeley and Hitch find as digit load increased during a reasoning task?","back":"

Reasoning became slower.
Participants could still do both tasks.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Reasoning became slower.
Participants could still do both tasks.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Increasing digit load used more working-memory capacity, so reasoning took longer. However, participants could still perform both tasks, supporting a multi-component working memory system."},{"text":"

Reasoning became impossible.
Participants could only do one task.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A common slip is to assume dual-task interference means total failure. Baddeley and Hitch found reasoning slowed as load increased, but participants could still do both tasks."},{"text":"

Reasoning became faster.
Participants could still do both tasks.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The direction of the effect is wrong. Extra digit load placed greater demand on working memory, making reasoning slower, although both tasks could still be completed."},{"text":"

Reasoning stayed unchanged.
Participants could not do both tasks.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This mixes two inaccurate claims. Performance was affected because reasoning became slower, but the important finding was that participants could still manage both tasks."}]},{"id":"53e19e5d-6bee-483a-8052-2e8b1b941ae1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A limitation of Baddeley and Hitch’s dual-task studies is low [ ] because the tasks were [ ].","back":"A limitation of Baddeley and Hitch’s dual-task studies is low ecological validity because the tasks were artificial.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A limitation of Baddeley and Hitch’s dual-task studies is low ecological validity because the tasks were artificial.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dual-task laboratory procedures often lack realism, so the findings may not generalise well to everyday memory use. That is a problem of ecological validity."},{"text":"A limitation of Baddeley and Hitch’s dual-task studies is low internal validity because the tasks were artificial.","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificial laboratory tasks usually improve control, so they do not mainly threaten internal validity. The criticism is low ecological validity because the tasks lacked everyday realism."},{"text":"A limitation of Baddeley and Hitch’s dual-task studies is low ecological validity because the tasks were naturalistic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Naturalistic tasks would normally increase ecological validity, not lower it. The limitation is low ecological validity because the dual-task activities were artificial."},{"text":"A limitation of Baddeley and Hitch’s dual-task studies is low reliability because the tasks were standardised.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised tasks usually make a study more reliable, not less reliable. The relevant limitation is ecological validity, as the tasks were artificial and unlike everyday memory demands."}]},{"id":"b3684db7-49ac-4ef3-b51d-12c0114c01c5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Articulatory suppression reduces the [ ] by preventing [ ].","back":"Articulatory suppression reduces the word length effect by preventing rehearsal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Articulatory suppression reduces the word length effect by preventing rehearsal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeating an irrelevant sound blocks subvocal rehearsal in the phonological loop. Without rehearsal, longer words lose their usual disadvantage, reducing the word length effect."},{"text":"Articulatory suppression reduces the phonological similarity effect by preventing visual coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual coding is not what articulatory suppression blocks. The key effect reduced here is the word length effect, because suppression prevents verbal rehearsal in the phonological loop."},{"text":"Articulatory suppression reduces the word length effect by preventing semantic coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"The effect named is right, but the mechanism is wrong. Articulatory suppression blocks rehearsal of speech sounds, not semantic coding, which reduces the word length effect."},{"text":"Articulatory suppression reduces the serial position effect by preventing chunking.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses articulatory suppression with other memory strategies and effects. In the working memory model, suppression reduces the word length effect by preventing rehearsal."}]},{"id":"dd1cec15-6496-46ea-aae6-6f284992f52d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does patient KF support separate working-memory stores?","back":"

Verbal/acoustic STM was very poor.
Visual STM was less impaired.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Verbal/acoustic STM was very poor.
Visual STM was less impaired.

","correct":true,"explanation":"KF showed a dissociation between verbal-acoustic short-term memory and visual short-term memory. This supports the idea that working memory contains separate stores."},{"text":"

Verbal/acoustic STM was intact.
Visual STM was very poor.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses KF’s pattern of impairment. The evidence supports separate stores because verbal-acoustic STM was very poor while visual STM was less impaired."},{"text":"

Verbal/acoustic STM was very poor.
Visual STM was equally impaired.

","correct":false,"explanation":"If both stores were equally impaired, KF would not show a clear dissociation. The support comes from verbal-acoustic STM being much worse than visual STM."},{"text":"

Verbal/acoustic LTM was very poor.
Visual LTM was less impaired.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The evidence concerns short-term memory, not long-term memory. KF supports separate working-memory stores because his verbal-acoustic STM was poorer than his visual STM."}]},{"id":"ec3f4ee8-267e-4ce9-9e58-f47affe39e65","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What limits KF as evidence for the WMM?","back":"KF was one individual, so generalisability is limited.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"KF was one individual, so generalisability is limited.","correct":true,"explanation":"KF was a case study, so conclusions may be affected by his unique brain damage and personal characteristics. Findings from one person cannot be confidently generalised to everyone."},{"text":"KF was a large sample, so generalisability is limited.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large sample would usually improve generalisability. KF’s limitation is the opposite: he was one individual, so the findings may not apply widely."},{"text":"KF was an animal study, so extrapolation is limited.","correct":false,"explanation":"KF was a human patient, not an animal study. The real limitation is that evidence from one individual has limited generalisability to other people."},{"text":"KF was a questionnaire, so validity is limited.","correct":false,"explanation":"KF refers to a patient case study, not a questionnaire method. The main limitation is that conclusions are based on one individual, reducing generalisability."}]},{"id":"7d8161d3-ff02-4a19-adba-183f7abd90aa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What brain-imaging finding supports separate WMM components?","back":"Verbal and spatial tasks activate different brain areas.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Verbal and spatial tasks activate different brain areas.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different activation patterns during verbal and spatial tasks support the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad as functionally distinct working-memory components."},{"text":"Verbal and spatial tasks activate the same brain areas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assuming identical activation reverses the actual finding. Verbal and spatial tasks activate different brain areas, supporting separate phonological and visuospatial components."},{"text":"Short-term and long-term tasks activate different brain areas.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the WMM with the distinction between memory stores. The relevant finding is that verbal and spatial tasks activate different areas, supporting separate WMM components."},{"text":"Simple and difficult tasks activate different brain areas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Differences caused by task difficulty would not demonstrate distinct working-memory systems. Evidence for separate components comes from verbal and spatial tasks activating different brain areas."}]},{"id":"f36b265c-85c6-4318-afb9-ebfa85b24110","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is brain-imaging evidence for the WMM limited?","back":"It is correlational: activity does not prove sole responsibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is correlational: activity does not prove sole responsibility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brain scans show an association between regional activity and task performance, but cannot establish that an active area alone causes or is solely responsible for a WMM function."},{"text":"It is experimental: activity proves sole responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brain-imaging studies do not establish sole causal responsibility merely by controlling tasks. The evidence is correlational because observed activity may accompany, rather than cause, a memory function."},{"text":"It is longitudinal: activity changes prove sole responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tracking brain activity over time would not by itself establish causation. Brain-imaging support remains correlational because activation does not prove an area is solely responsible for a component."},{"text":"It is naturalistic: activity directly proves sole responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Naturalistic evidence concerns realism rather than causal certainty. Brain-imaging findings are limited because they are correlational, so activation cannot prove sole responsibility for a working-memory process."}]},{"id":"20d4150f-cf48-47eb-b02d-b2869ca607c8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the central executive criticised as vague?","back":"It can become a catch-all, reducing testability.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can become a catch-all, reducing testability.","correct":true,"explanation":"The central executive is often used to explain any attentional process not handled elsewhere in the model, making its precise functions difficult to define and test scientifically."},{"text":"It can become a single store, increasing testability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating the central executive as a single storage system confuses it with memory stores. It is criticised as a catch-all explanation whose poorly specified functions reduce testability."},{"text":"It can become a fixed capacity, improving testability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Limited capacity is a feature of working memory, but it does not explain the vagueness criticism. The central executive can become a catch-all category, reducing scientific testability."},{"text":"It can become a precise mechanism, reducing flexibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"The criticism is not that the central executive is too precisely specified. Its functions are insufficiently defined, allowing it to become a catch-all and making predictions difficult to test."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Working memory model","title":"Working memory model Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L35"}]}],"topicId":"e54310d3-1c93-5a49-bd38-1472650a3092","walled":"$L36"}],"$L37","$L38"]