ldren.\n\nThe psychologist carried out the study using children from two regional playgroups. Playgroup Alpha had 40 children in each age group. Playgroup Beta had 20 children in each age group. All parents provided written informed consent. Using stratified sampling across the playgroups, the psychologist selected eight 3-year-olds and eight 5-year-olds to take part.\n\nEach child was observed for 20 minutes in a dedicated play space where they were presented with three sharing opportunities: a shared coloring set, a collaborative puzzle, and a single toy train set. The psychologist counted the number of times each child initiated a sharing or cooperative behavior.","difficulty":5,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":4,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"d5a06712-2c49-43a5-a361-f16c164fa253","label":null,"content":"### Question\nExplain how a pilot study could be carried out to help this psychologist improve their planned investigation.","markscheme":"- Explains the purpose of a pilot study in the context of this observation (e.g. a small-scale trial run of the observation to test the feasibility of the design, behavioral checklists, or environment) B1\n- Identifies an appropriate sample to be used (e.g. selecting a tiny sample of children, such as one or two of each age group, from a different playgroup so they are not included in the main study) B1\n- Describes what would be tested during the pilot study (e.g. checking if 'sharing or cooperative behavior' is clearly operationalised, testing if the three specific toys are suitable, or seeing if the 20-minute duration is appropriate) B1\n- Explains how the outcome/feedback would be used to improve the main study (e.g. revising coding categories to increase inter-rater reliability, modifying the toys selected, or adjusting the observation time) B1","marks":4,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"d1065df6-3d21-4e54-943f-a081ef55ca50","revisionId":"f6618845-8d6d-406a-abf1-7f4d2c6ca167","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":3,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":6,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"9d5dafdb-8964-4bb9-afce-956709d8b10c","label":null,"content":"Identify two ethical guidelines that researchers must consider when designing and conducting psychological studies with human participants. In each case, explain one way in which researchers can address or resolve this issue.","markscheme":"- Identifies first ethical guideline (e.g., informed consent, deception, protection from harm, or confidentiality) B1\n- Explains a method to address the first guideline (e.g., providing detailed information sheets, performing a debrief, keeping risk to everyday levels, or maintaining anonymity) M1\n- Elaborates on how this method resolves the issue (e.g., offering retrospective/presumptive consent, allowing withdrawal of data post-debrief, offering counseling, or using participant numbers/pseudonyms instead of names) A1\n- Identifies second distinct ethical guideline B1\n- Explains a method to address the second guideline M1\n- Elaborates on how this method resolves the second issue A1","marks":6,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"d22a748d-d7bc-4c60-84d4-24dedcb2a507","revisionId":"ae1151f8-927f-432b-b3e5-6336b96ff7ce","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"### Ergonomic Assessment Study\n\nSports scientists designed an investigation to evaluate the impact of a newly developed carbon-fiber running shoe insole on athletic efficiency. They recruited a cohort of 18 competitive middle-distance runners to perform two high-int

Scientific processes

Question 295

Scientific processes Questions

Scientific processes

Question 295

Scientific processes Questions