In the early 1990s, thousands of infants were discovered in overcrowded, understaffed state orphanages in Romania. Elena and her older brother Stefan both spent their early lives in one of these institutions before being adopted by a family in the UK. Elena was adopted at the age of 4 months, whereas Stefan was adopted at 3 years. Their cognitive and social development was tracked throughout childhood and adolescence.
Using your knowledge of research into the effects of institutionalisation (such as the Romanian orphan studies), explain how Stefan's development is likely to have differed from Elena's as they grew up.
34 exam-style questions on AQA A Level Psychology Maternal deprivation and institutionalisation. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.