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3a:Tbd2,- Explains that Selman proposed social cognition develops through five distinct, qualitative stages where children learn to conceptualise others' perspectives. B1 - Describes Stage 0 (Undifferentiated/Egocentric, 3–6 years) and Stage 1 (Social-informational, 6–8 years), distinguishing between egocentric thinking and understanding different perspectives based on differing information. B1 - Describes Stage 2 (Self-reflective, 8–10 years) and Stage 3 (Mutual/Third-party, 10–12 years), distinguishing between stepping into another's shoes and viewing an interaction from an impartial third-party perspective. B1 - Describes Stage 4 (Societal/Social-conventional, 12 years+), where perspectives are understood to be governed by broader societal values, norms, and systems. B1 - Explains the Mirror Neuron System (MNS) as specialised brain cells (e.g., premotor cortex) that fire both when performing an action and when observing another perform that same action. B1 - Explains that the MNS provides a biological basis for social cognitive abilities such as empathy, imitation, and understanding others' intentions. B1 - Discusses supporting evidence for Selman's stages, such as longitudinal research by Gurucharri and Selman confirming sequential progression with age. C1 - Discusses practical applications of Selman's theory, such as social skills training, conflict resolution programmes, and understanding social deficits in ADHD. C1 - Discusses the limitation that the relationship between perspective-taking development and prosocial behaviour is correlational rather than established as purely causal. C1 - Discusses cultural bias in Selman's model, noting that the stages reflect Western, individualistic developmental trajectories and may not generalize globally. C1 - Discusses supporting evidence for MNS, such as fMRI studies by Dapretto et al. showing reduced mirror neuron activity in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). C1 - Discusses methodological limitations of MNS research, noting the difficulty of measuring individual neuron activity in living human brains. C1 - Discusses reliability concerns in MNS research, specifically the reliance on animal models (e.g., Rizzolatti's early macaque monkey research) or collective blood flow signals in fMRI. C1 - Discusses the biological reductionism of the MNS explanation, which risks ignoring the essential influence of language, social interaction, and cultural context. C1 - Synthesises the two concepts by contrasting Selman’s top-down, cognitive approach with the bottom-up, biological explanation of the MNS. C1 - Evaluates how the two systems are complementary, with the MNS providing the biological "hardware" and Selman's stages representing the cognitive "software" shaped by experience. C13b:Tcfa,- Explains that Selman's theory focuses on the development of social cognition through perspective-taking, utilizing social dilemmas like 'Holly and the kitten' B1 - Describes Stage 0: Egocentric / Undifferentiated (Ages 3–6), where children can distinguish between self and others but regularly confuse perspectives B1 - Elaborates on Stage 0 with children assuming others share the exact same thoughts and feelings B1 - Describes Stage 1: Social-Informational (Ages 6–8), where children realize that different people have access to different information and therefore may have different perspectives B1 - Elaborates on Stage 1 with children typically believing only one perspective is 'correct' B1 - Describes Stage 2: Self-Reflective (Ages 8–10), where children can step into another's shoes and view their own thoughts and feelings from that person's perspective B1 - Elaborates on Stage 2 with the understanding that others can do the same to them B1 - Describes Stage 3: Mutual / Third-Party (Ages 10–12), where children can step outside a two-person interaction and view it from an objective, neutral third-party perspective B1 - Elaborates on Stage 3 with the ability to act as an impartial spectator B1 - Describes Stage 4: Societal / Social System (Ages 12+), where perspective-taking is understood to be influenced by broader societal and cultural values B1 - Elaborates on Stage 4, referencing systems like laws and morality B1 - Connects perspective-taking maturity directly to cognitive development and age-related progression C1 - Discusses supporting evidence from longitudinal studies showing progressive development through Selman’s stages as age increases B1 - Explains how this evidence confirms perspective-taking is highly correlated with cognitive maturation B1 - Explains practical and clinical applications, such as therapies for children with social-emotional disorders like ADHD or conduct disorders B1 - Elaborates on how social skills training can help individuals who find perspective-taking challenging B1 - Evaluates methodological limitations, noting that Selman relied heavily on hypothetical verbal dilemmas B1 - Explains that these tasks might measure linguistic and general cognitive ability rather than actual everyday social interaction B1 - Suggests that observational, real-world tasks might yield more valid results regarding authentic social behavior B1 - Compares Selman's framework with Theory of Mind (ToM) B1 - Notes that while ToM focuses on a basic cognitive shift around age 4, Selman's stages describe a more extensive, lifelong development of complex social reasoning B1 - Discusses nature vs. nurture, addressing whether the stages are universal (biological) or culturally relative B1 - Explains how cultural systems and parent-child discussion can shape the rate at which children advance through stages B1 - Provides a coherent, well-structured discussion with balanced evaluation of the theory 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Development of social cognition

Question 8

Development of social cognition Questions

Development of social cognition

Question 8

Development of social cognition Questions