36:I[651451,["/_next/static/chunks/33g1jd8zzmw1g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2juje0t3dlhbm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04u0lp5-90-_i.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0i-8vweyyd2z1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/14b49sowq3167.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/000k4sunzeht9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3n6wyk-4-ou-2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dnqaa04bem_z.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hxsq15e9l6ex.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2qlkd_50jnb67.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ry5u_b6y0dbk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0qfm0wv_qgrsj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ksfr-nhqev3t.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2m6e6q-u1dwrv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1yts3efoejfo0.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/307r27ue-gdnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30ggsbmnml4-x.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/286mv7-4tz6nc.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2_zyy4shki--m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3dva8kwo2jtnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1lmsakk_pbrkh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/38_tm7ez4-lmd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ppur6l9c-ppd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2cwrz647a1n18.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0fkz1t-1q4vvx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/03ql4_ajt89dj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3p6v9pgn-bls6.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/012ketbchr0jk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/05wg15o8_eo26.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2eg5oh5lh1bys.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1tw7dwog40-j_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/02e_f03j5ij1l.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/183lc3mbvk9pa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/250418bu9l_dg.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/11rvogrmrg564.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3k81clf09tbot.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ewppg55gz8ao.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2vohnlsok64m2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dr--mw_fu802.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3_xr39lcvpdqw.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1-p5918864038.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/139ut7awapdtx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hjihjp9uyr4o.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/13f-07qkn6jrz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/40m758r-4hrw1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ut6-2cz2te2a.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/37-8iipnrjeqo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ahd3xyvtwzk_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2bk929x-m_sal.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492"],"UserProgressProvider"] 37:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/33g1jd8zzmw1g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2juje0t3dlhbm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04u0lp5-90-_i.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0i-8vweyyd2z1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/14b49sowq3167.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/000k4sunzeht9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3n6wyk-4-ou-2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dnqaa04bem_z.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hxsq15e9l6ex.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2qlkd_50jnb67.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ry5u_b6y0dbk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0qfm0wv_qgrsj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ksfr-nhqev3t.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2m6e6q-u1dwrv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1yts3efoejfo0.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/307r27ue-gdnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30ggsbmnml4-x.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/286mv7-4tz6nc.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2_zyy4shki--m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3dva8kwo2jtnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1lmsakk_pbrkh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/38_tm7ez4-lmd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ppur6l9c-ppd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2cwrz647a1n18.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0fkz1t-1q4vvx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/03ql4_ajt89dj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3p6v9pgn-bls6.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/012ketbchr0jk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/05wg15o8_eo26.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2eg5oh5lh1bys.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1tw7dwog40-j_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/02e_f03j5ij1l.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/183lc3mbvk9pa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/250418bu9l_dg.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/11rvogrmrg564.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3k81clf09tbot.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ewppg55gz8ao.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2vohnlsok64m2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dr--mw_fu802.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3_xr39lcvpdqw.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1-p5918864038.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/139ut7awapdtx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hjihjp9uyr4o.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/13f-07qkn6jrz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/40m758r-4hrw1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ut6-2cz2te2a.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/37-8iipnrjeqo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ahd3xyvtwzk_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2bk929x-m_sal.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492"],"Gingerbread"] 39:I[716297,["/_next/static/chunks/33g1jd8zzmw1g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2juje0t3dlhbm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04u0lp5-90-_i.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0i-8vweyyd2z1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/14b49sowq3167.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/000k4sunzeht9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3n6wyk-4-ou-2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dnqaa04bem_z.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hxsq15e9l6ex.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2qlkd_50jnb67.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ry5u_b6y0dbk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0qfm0wv_qgrsj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ksfr-nhqev3t.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2m6e6q-u1dwrv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1yts3efoejfo0.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/307r27ue-gdnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30ggsbmnml4-x.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/286mv7-4tz6nc.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2_zyy4shki--m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3dva8kwo2jtnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1lmsakk_pbrkh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/38_tm7ez4-lmd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ppur6l9c-ppd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2cwrz647a1n18.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0fkz1t-1q4vvx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/03ql4_ajt89dj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3p6v9pgn-bls6.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/012ketbchr0jk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/05wg15o8_eo26.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2eg5oh5lh1bys.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1tw7dwog40-j_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/02e_f03j5ij1l.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/183lc3mbvk9pa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/250418bu9l_dg.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/11rvogrmrg564.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3k81clf09tbot.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ewppg55gz8ao.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2vohnlsok64m2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dr--mw_fu802.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3_xr39lcvpdqw.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1-p5918864038.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/139ut7awapdtx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hjihjp9uyr4o.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/13f-07qkn6jrz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/40m758r-4hrw1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ut6-2cz2te2a.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/37-8iipnrjeqo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ahd3xyvtwzk_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2bk929x-m_sal.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492"],"TopicRecentlyViewed"] 3a:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/33g1jd8zzmw1g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2juje0t3dlhbm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04u0lp5-90-_i.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0i-8vweyyd2z1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/14b49sowq3167.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/000k4sunzeht9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3n6wyk-4-ou-2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dnqaa04bem_z.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hxsq15e9l6ex.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2qlkd_50jnb67.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ry5u_b6y0dbk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0qfm0wv_qgrsj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ksfr-nhqev3t.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2m6e6q-u1dwrv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1yts3efoejfo0.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/307r27ue-gdnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30ggsbmnml4-x.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/286mv7-4tz6nc.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2_zyy4shki--m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3dva8kwo2jtnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1lmsakk_pbrkh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/38_tm7ez4-lmd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ppur6l9c-ppd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2cwrz647a1n18.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0fkz1t-1q4vvx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/03ql4_ajt89dj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3p6v9pgn-bls6.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/012ketbchr0jk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/05wg15o8_eo26.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2eg5oh5lh1bys.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1tw7dwog40-j_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/02e_f03j5ij1l.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/183lc3mbvk9pa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/250418bu9l_dg.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/11rvogrmrg564.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3k81clf09tbot.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ewppg55gz8ao.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2vohnlsok64m2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dr--mw_fu802.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3_xr39lcvpdqw.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1-p5918864038.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/139ut7awapdtx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hjihjp9uyr4o.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/13f-07qkn6jrz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/40m758r-4hrw1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ut6-2cz2te2a.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/37-8iipnrjeqo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ahd3xyvtwzk_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2bk929x-m_sal.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492"],"RecordResourceResume"] 3b:I[426249,["/_next/static/chunks/33g1jd8zzmw1g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2juje0t3dlhbm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04u0lp5-90-_i.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0i-8vweyyd2z1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/14b49sowq3167.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/000k4sunzeht9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3n6wyk-4-ou-2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dnqaa04bem_z.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hxsq15e9l6ex.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2qlkd_50jnb67.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ry5u_b6y0dbk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0qfm0wv_qgrsj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ksfr-nhqev3t.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2m6e6q-u1dwrv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1yts3efoejfo0.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/307r27ue-gdnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30ggsbmnml4-x.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/286mv7-4tz6nc.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2_zyy4shki--m.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3dva8kwo2jtnh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1lmsakk_pbrkh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/38_tm7ez4-lmd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ppur6l9c-ppd.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2cwrz647a1n18.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0fkz1t-1q4vvx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/03ql4_ajt89dj.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3p6v9pgn-bls6.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/012ketbchr0jk.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/05wg15o8_eo26.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2eg5oh5lh1bys.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1tw7dwog40-j_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/02e_f03j5ij1l.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/183lc3mbvk9pa.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/250418bu9l_dg.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/11rvogrmrg564.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3k81clf09tbot.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ewppg55gz8ao.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2vohnlsok64m2.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2dr--mw_fu802.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3_xr39lcvpdqw.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1-p5918864038.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/139ut7awapdtx.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/3hjihjp9uyr4o.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/13f-07qkn6jrz.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/40m758r-4hrw1.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2ut6-2cz2te2a.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/37-8iipnrjeqo.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/0ahd3xyvtwzk_.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492","/_next/static/chunks/2bk929x-m_sal.js?dpl=nogit-1789655492"],"TopicQuestionBank"] 3c:T6a3,- Evaluates the effectiveness of systematic desensitisation using research evidence (e.g., Gilroy et al. found spider phobics treated with SD were less fearful than control groups at 3 and 33 months) C1 - Discusses the suitability of systematic desensitisation for a diverse range of patients (e.g., children, people with learning difficulties, or those with cardiovascular issues who cannot handle flooding) C1 - Explains patient preference, noting that systematic desensitisation has lower refusal and dropout (attrition) rates because it is less traumatic than flooding C1 - Evaluates flooding in terms of time and cost-effectiveness (flooding can work in a single 2-3 hour session compared to multiple sessions of SD) C1 - Discusses the highly traumatic nature of flooding, noting that it can cause extreme stress and high dropout rates C1 - Explains that premature termination (dropping out) of flooding can actually cause sensitisation, worsening the phobia C1 - Explains the cognitive limitation: behavioural therapies are less effective for complex phobias (like social phobia) which have significant cognitive components requiring CBT C1 - Discusses symptom substitution from a psychodynamic perspective (treating only behaviour might cause another phobia to emerge if the underlying conflict is unresolved) C1 - Evaluates the ethics of both approaches, contrastive consent, and the psychological protection of vulnerable patients C1 - Concludes with a balanced comparison of the utility, speed, and safety of both behavioural treatments C13d:Tb0e,- State that the behavioural approach explains phobias using Mowrer's two-process model B1 - Explain that phobias are acquired via classical conditioning B1 - Explain that classical conditioning involves pairing a Neutral Stimulus (NS) with an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) B1 - Explain that the UCS naturally produces an Unconditioned Response (UCR) of fear/anxiety B1 - Explain that through temporal contiguity/association, the NS becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) B1 - Explain that the CS then produces a Conditioned Response (CR) of fear/anxiety B1 - Mention Watson and Rayner's study of 'Little Albert' as research evidence for conditioning of fear B1 - Explain that phobias are maintained via operant conditioning B1 - Explain that avoiding the phobic stimulus results in a reduction of anxiety/fear B1 - Explain that this reduction in anxiety acts as negative reinforcement, strengthening the avoidance behaviour B1 - Explain that avoidance behaviour prevents the conditioned response from being extinguished B1 - Demonstrates logical organization and clear, accurate expression of psychological concepts throughout C1 - Discuss the strength of real-world application to behavioural therapies (e.g., systematic desensitisation and flooding) B1 - Explain that these therapies work by preventing avoidance to allow extinction of the phobia B1 - Discuss support from studies showing many patients can recall a specific traumatic event initiating their phobia B1 - Discuss Seligman's concept of biological preparedness as a limitation of pure conditioning explanations B1 - Explain that humans are evolutionary predisposed to fear ancient threats (e.g., snakes, heights) rather than modern threats (e.g., cars) B1 - Evaluate that biological preparedness suggests an innate evolutionary mechanism is involved B1 - Discuss the limitation that cognitive factors (e.g., irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions) are ignored by the model B1 - Point out that CBT targets these cognitive elements, which behavioural therapies do not address directly B1 - Discuss the limitation that not all people who experience trauma go on to develop a phobia B1 - Cite Di Nardo et al.'s findings (e.g., not all dog bite victims develop dog phobia) to support this limitation B1 - Explain that this suggests individual cognitive or genetic vulnerabilities mediate the conditioning process B1 - Balance the arguments to provide a thorough, critical evaluation of the behavioural model C13e:Tcbb,### AO1: Knowledge and Understanding - Explains the concept of classical conditioning as the acquisition phase of a phobia. B1 - Identifies that a neutral stimulus (NS) initially produces no phobic response. B1 - Explains that pairing the NS with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR). B1 - Explains that through association, the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) producing a conditioned response (CR). B1 - Explains Mowrer's two-process model, introducing operant conditioning as the maintenance phase. B1 - Explains how avoidance of the phobic stimulus reduces unpleasant feelings of anxiety. B1 - Explains that this reduction in anxiety acts as negative reinforcement, strengthening the avoidance behavior. B1 - Cites empirical evidence such as Watson and Rayner's (1920) 'Little Albert' study. B1 ### AO2: Application to the Scenario - Applies classical conditioning: identifies the choking incident as the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS). A1 - Identifies the feeling of panic/suffocation during choking as the Unconditioned Response (UCR). A1 - Identifies the button as the Neutral Stimulus (NS) which becomes the Conditioned Stimulus (CS). A1 - Identifies the extreme anxiety at the sight of a button as the Conditioned Response (CR). A1 - Applies operant conditioning: identifies Nadia's refusal to wear clothes with buttons as avoidance behavior. A1 - Explains that choosing velcro/zippers prevents Nadia from facing her fear, preventing extinction of the CR. A1 - Explains how the immediate relief/reduction of anxiety when avoiding buttons acts as negative reinforcement. A1 - Concludes that this negative reinforcement cycle explains why Nadia's phobia persists over time. A1 ### AO3: Evaluation and Discussion - Evaluates the behavioural approach by highlighting its real-world clinical application in therapies like systematic desensitisation. M1 - Explains that the success of behavioral therapies in extinguishing avoidance behavior supports the behavioral explanation. M1 - Identifies biological preparedness (Seligman) as a limitation: evolutionary fears (e.g., snakes) are more easily conditioned than modern objects like buttons. M1 - Argues that the behavioural model fails to explain why some individuals develop phobias without experiencing any trauma. M1 - Discusses alternative cognitive explanations, noting that the behavioural model ignores irrational thought processes (e.g., catastrophising). M1 - Mentions research evidence (e.g., Di Nardo et al.) showing not everyone who undergoes traumatic events (like a dog bite) develops a phobia. M1 - Evaluates the environmental reductionism of the behavioural explanation, which simplifies complex mental processes to simple stimulus-response links. M1 - Synthesises the discussion by suggesting a diathesis-stress model may offer a more complete explanation than behaviorism alone. M125:["$","$L36",null,{"bundle":{"topicIds":["799d188c-d787-53e9-8c9d-65d80bf99b45"],"paperIds":[],"stageIds":[],"stageTopicIds":[],"stageAssessmentIds":[],"topicNoteIds":["4abede7b-8886-4028-8636-b0137a7fe1d4"]},"children":[["$","$L37",null,{"feature":"question-bank"}],"$L38",["$","$L39",null,{"subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__aqa","subjectName":"Psychology","topicSlug":"behavioural-approach-to-phobias","topicTitle":"Behavioural approach to phobias","sectionTitle":null,"activity":"worksheet","resourceTitle":"Behavioural approach to phobias Questions","resourceHref":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/behavioural-approach-to-phobias/questions/q1","saveTrail":false}],["$","$L3a",null,{"href":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/behavioural-approach-to-phobias/questions/q1","label":"Behavioural approach to phobias","subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__aqa","surface":"questions"}],["$","script",null,{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"LearningResource\",\"name\":\"Question 10 – Behavioural approach to phobias - Questions\",\"description\":\"Practise Behavioural approach to phobias A Level Psychology exam-style questions with worked solutions on MathsGenie.\",\"learningResourceType\":\"Practice questions\",\"educationalLevel\":\"A Level\",\"about\":{\"@type\":\"Thing\",\"name\":\"Behavioural approach to phobias\"},\"url\":\"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/a-level/psychology/aqa/behavioural-approach-to-phobias/questions/q10\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"provider\":{\"@id\":\"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/#organization\"}}"}}],["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 w-full flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L3b",null,{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/questions","basePath":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/behavioural-approach-to-phobias/questions","formulaUrl":null,"initialIndex":9,"initialQuestionWindow":[{"id":"0f2c62bc-817a-4ee0-a300-1ab06e11d2a8","revisionId":"a1ff3509-e4c0-4407-8580-0771736e57f5","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"Sarah has developed a severe phobia of open water (aquaphobia) after a near-drowning incident. This phobia is so extreme that she cannot go to the beach or look at large lakes without experiencing panic attacks. She decides to consult a behavioural therapist to help her overcome her phobia.","difficulty":4,"difficultyBand":"hard","totalMarks":20,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"cd847bea-e194-4283-99e2-58cae43e7474","label":"a","content":"Outline how a therapist would use systematic desensitisation to help Sarah overcome her phobia of open water. ****","markscheme":"- Outlines the development of an anxiety hierarchy (e.g., a graded staircase from lowest fear, like looking at pictures of water, to highest fear, like swimming in open water) B1\n- Outlines training in relaxation techniques (e.g., progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic deep breathing, or visualization) B1\n- Outlines the process of gradual exposure, where the patient moves up the hierarchy step-by-step, only progressing when entirely relaxed at the current stage B1\n- Applies the anxiety hierarchy to Sarah's aquaphobia with specific examples (e.g., stepping onto a wet beach before entering shallow water) A1\n- Applies relaxation training to Sarah's scenario (e.g., using breathing techniques to maintain a low heart rate when near water) A1\n- Applies gradual exposure to Sarah's scenario, ensuring she does not advance to deeper water until she is completely calm in shallow water A1","marks":6,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"systematic_desensitisation","label":"Systematic desensitisation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Build the hierarchy","content":"The therapist uses systematic desensitisation by making an **anxiety hierarchy**: a list of feared situations arranged from least to most frightening. For Sarah, this could go from looking at pictures of water, to viewing a large lake from a distance, standing on a wet beach, entering shallow water, and finally swimming in open water. This graded fear staircase earns **B1**; using Sarah’s open-water situations earns **A1**.","highlights":[{"text":"severe phobia of open water (aquaphobia)","location":"specification"},{"text":"cannot go to the beach or look at large lakes without experiencing panic attacks","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Teach relaxation","content":"Before exposure begins, the therapist teaches Sarah a relaxation technique, such as diaphragmatic deep breathing. This means slow, deep breaths using the diaphragm, the muscle below the lungs. Sarah practises it so she can keep her heart rate low when near water rather than panicking. Teaching relaxation earns **B1**; applying it to Sarah’s panic response earns **A1**.","highlights":[{"text":"experiencing panic attacks","location":"specification"},{"text":"behavioural therapist","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Advance through hierarchy","content":"Sarah begins by looking at pictures of water and uses her relaxation technique until she is completely calm. She then views a large lake from a distance, stands on a wet beach, enters shallow water and eventually works towards swimming in open water. She moves to each new stage **only when she is fully relaxed** at the previous one, so she does not move into deeper water until calm in shallow water. This gradual exposure earns **B1**; applying it to Sarah’s stages earns **A1**.","highlights":[{"text":"cannot go to the beach or look at large lakes without experiencing panic attacks","location":"specification"},{"text":"open water (aquaphobia)","location":"specification"}]}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-21T05:05:12.557Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]},{"id":"a010abeb-0959-4ee0-897a-c39470dcce31","label":"b","content":"Explain how flooding could be used as an alternative treatment to address Sarah's phobia, referencing how classical conditioning principles explain its therapeutic effect. ****","markscheme":"- Explains immediate, full-exposure to the phobic stimulus (e.g., placing Sarah directly into/near open water) without a gradual hierarchy B1\n- Explains the prevention of avoidance behaviors (Sarah cannot escape the situation) to prevent negative reinforcement of the phobia B1\n- Explains the physiological concept of extinction (adrenaline surges eventually peak and naturally exhaust, leading to a state of calm) A1\n- Applies conditioning principles to show Sarah learns to associate open water with relaxation/exhaustion rather than extreme panic (reciprocal inhibition/extinction) A1","marks":4,"order":1,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"flooding","label":"Flooding treatment","steps":[{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Expose Sarah immediately","content":"The therapist would expose Sarah **straight away** to the full feared situation, such as taking her directly into, or very close to, open water. Unlike systematic desensitisation, flooding does **not** begin with a gradual fear hierarchy. This applied explanation earns the first **B1** mark.","highlights":[{"text":"severe phobia of open water (aquaphobia)","location":"specification"},{"text":"cannot go to the beach or look at large lakes","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Prevent avoidance","content":"Sarah must remain safely in the situation rather than escaping it or avoiding the water. Escaping would remove her anxiety and so negatively reinforce avoidance: the relief would make avoidance more likely next time. Preventing this earns the second **B1** mark.","highlights":[{"text":"experiencing panic attacks","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Let anxiety subside","content":"Initially, open water triggers an intense adrenaline-driven panic response. However, Sarah cannot sustain this physiological arousal indefinitely: the adrenaline response peaks and naturally exhausts, so she eventually becomes calmer while still near the water. This explanation earns the **A1** mark for extinction.","highlights":[{"text":"This phobia is so extreme","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"Form a calm association","content":"Because Sarah stays with the open water until the panic subsides, the conditioned fear response can **extinguish**. She learns that open water is followed by calm or exhaustion rather than extreme panic. This applied extinction explanation earns the final A1 mark.","highlights":[{"text":"This phobia is so extreme that she cannot go to the beach or look at large lakes without experiencing panic attacks.","location":"specification"}]}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-21T05:13:05.923Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]},{"id":"6789dc21-1acd-4ed3-9544-4627bb142381","label":"c","content":"Discuss the strengths and limitations of systematic desensitisation and flooding as behavioural treatments for phobias. ****","markscheme":"$3c","marks":10,"order":2,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"balanced_evaluation","label":"Balanced evaluation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Use research evidence","content":"A strength of systematic desensitisation (SD) is evidence that it can produce lasting improvement. Gilroy *et al.* found that people with spider phobias who received SD were less fearful than a control group at **3** and **33** months. This supports SD’s effectiveness beyond the end of treatment.\n\n[Credit: effectiveness of SD using research evidence]"},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Consider patient suitability","content":"SD is suitable for a wide range of patients because exposure is gradual and paired with relaxation. This can make it more appropriate for children or people with learning difficulties, and for people with cardiovascular problems who may be unable to tolerate the intense anxiety produced by flooding.\n\n[Credit: suitability of SD for diverse patients]"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Compare patient preference","content":"Patients may prefer SD because it is less traumatic than flooding. Therefore, fewer people may refuse treatment or drop out (attrition means leaving a treatment or study before it finishes), so more patients are likely to complete the therapy.\n\n[Credit: patient preference and lower refusal/attrition for SD]"},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Weigh flooding efficiency","content":"Flooding can be time- and cost-effective: it may work in one session lasting **2–3 hours**, whereas SD usually needs several sessions to work through an anxiety hierarchy. This could make flooding useful where rapid treatment is important.\n\n[Credit: flooding’s time and cost-effectiveness]"},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"Recognise trauma risk","content":"However, flooding is highly traumatic because the patient is exposed immediately to the most feared situation. The extreme stress can lead to high dropout rates, reducing how useful the treatment is in practice.\n\n[Credit: flooding’s traumatic nature and high dropout]"},{"type":"text","order":5,"title":"Explain sensitisation","content":"If a person ends flooding prematurely, they may leave while their anxiety is still very high. This can cause **sensitisation**, meaning the feared stimulus becomes associated with even greater anxiety. For Sarah, leaving while facing open water could make her aquaphobia worse rather than better.\n\n[Credit: premature termination can cause sensitisation]","highlights":[{"text":"Sarah has developed a severe phobia of open water (aquaphobia) after a near-drowning incident.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":6,"title":"Identify cognitive limits","content":"A limitation of both behavioural treatments is that they may be less effective for complex phobias, such as social phobia. These can involve negative thoughts and beliefs as well as learned fear, so cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which challenges unhelpful thoughts, may be needed.\n\n[Credit: cognitive limitation of behavioural treatments]"},{"type":"text","order":7,"title":"Challenge symptom substitution","content":"From a psychodynamic perspective, treating the behaviour alone may not resolve an unconscious conflict thought to cause the phobia. The symptom could then be replaced by another phobia, called **symptom substitution**. However, this is a theoretical criticism rather than direct evidence that substitution occurs.\n\n[Credit: psychodynamic symptom-substitution challenge]"},{"type":"text","order":8,"title":"Address ethical protection","content":"Both treatments require informed consent: the patient must understand what will happen and agree freely. With flooding especially, therapists should give **contrastive consent** by explaining the less distressing alternative of SD, and protect vulnerable patients from psychological harm.\n\n[Credit: ethics, contrastive consent and protection]"},{"type":"text","order":9,"title":"Reach a balanced judgement","content":"Overall, flooding may be the better option when a patient wants rapid, lower-cost treatment and can cope with intense anxiety. However, SD is usually safer, more acceptable and suitable for Sarah because her fear of open water is severe; a gradual hierarchy is less likely to overwhelm her.\n\n[Credit: balanced comparison of utility, speed and safety]"}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-21T05:19:47.519Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"24101635-19dc-4a8b-a0c6-28b4194b18c2","revisionId":"4f6c8b0c-f156-4360-af29-7a0c7fdb74b2","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":5,"difficultyBand":"hard","totalMarks":24,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"95bc6e6a-7e1d-42f8-b589-787ff97b69ad","label":null,"content":"Discuss behavioural explanations for phobic disorders.","markscheme":"$3d","marks":24,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"3a2c905d-5d3d-435e-87ec-45d2a247d7fd","revisionId":"d73d375d-b961-4778-b5f8-cd35782855ee","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"Nadia has developed an intense fear of buttons (koumpounophobia) after an incident in childhood where she choked on a loose plastic button. Now, even the sight of a button causes her extreme anxiety, and she refuses to wear clothes with buttons, choosing only velcro or zippers.","difficulty":5,"difficultyBand":"hard","totalMarks":24,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"5d4d5fe3-8112-4466-9029-6bb47fd21f2f","label":null,"content":"With reference to Nadia's case, discuss the behavioural explanation of phobias.","markscheme":"$3e","marks":24,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null}],"subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__aqa","summaries":[{"id":"032cab9b-5b1d-4f16-887c-f8948cb95c48","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":6,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"040a8957-da7d-4268-a8c2-e1f3c656a829","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":3,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"0a112060-c6c4-4ebf-9456-44fa71b06995","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":3,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"0c3fd320-6ec6-48d7-ad75-7bc9ca6e54a1","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":12,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"0eb34c88-a33a-467b-8186-fec77f31467f","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"0f2c62bc-817a-4ee0-a300-1ab06e11d2a8","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":20,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"15c8e647-6f08-4e9a-a0f0-b5b6b04fea81","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":3,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"183f88c9-da7d-4e56-b650-f23228ca66a3","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"2188c3bd-6d2e-4c58-a068-701d0fd3f158","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":6,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"24101635-19dc-4a8b-a0c6-28b4194b18c2","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":24,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"25a2501f-fed0-4bf4-a218-fda4e8525c21","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"296d0529-1fd5-4745-93f0-5d55eab9780e","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":10,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"2a7c0cd8-4def-40b5-b6d7-8065670dafdd","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"30d1de70-1acd-48e6-80f2-e39d4e20923e","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":1,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"3220d962-6ad4-41f2-9a13-6a4b46897227","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"39388a71-da9f-49d4-b569-99ee5d06effa","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"3a2c905d-5d3d-435e-87ec-45d2a247d7fd","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":24,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"3c190891-e95c-4f2f-a2fb-9dc44f4481e6","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"3cf24f13-c3c9-4346-a070-8e5f1862060d","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":12,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"45eb417b-e8ab-4fd1-b673-e1813e71dee0","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"48d62d44-b276-4033-acad-74726035c88a","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":3,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"4a9bcb8b-9b5b-446a-88ab-4d6ceb54360e","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":3,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"4b050559-f38f-4bf1-a956-be531871cfb6","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":10,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"4e245a2c-8b15-4b9e-ab0b-346319a1f821","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":8,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"531e997c-c3c3-4248-9370-7c97d9e1981d","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":6,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"55b25473-d524-4503-abb8-d78ebac59a93","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"566a6408-9035-4759-86c6-549c4abeef5b","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":1,"questionType":"MC","isCalculation":false},{"id":"59ecabb1-f821-4ab1-b2b5-c1921138a221","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"5e754e4a-41ac-4506-bbd8-5b01004c6acb","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"5ed87b87-7c59-4e42-8a5f-23af5c21d631","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"6141d1a8-4019-4c41-bc20-394e6f3d458a","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"698433cd-aaed-4913-9e14-a8b4a68306f9","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":3,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"6d34c0a7-2258-4c9c-b782-38f8480e4358","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"71ca33b7-d2d1-41be-abbb-08bebbdcff5f","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":16,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"75e546cb-ff13-4e5f-9232-d148e4192a93","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":1,"questionType":"MC","isCalculation":false},{"id":"7ce6f69e-eeea-453c-8680-7c9d4a28e721","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":6,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"7d1de23f-bd4f-41fe-91c6-58aac780e8b6","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"7d71d0d7-5ae5-4319-9f21-4d70ac05148a","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"7ed7671e-9476-46cd-87cb-49883ce510f0","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"909c9f8e-4d47-4fe4-9f7d-6454dfd40b77","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":3,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"9a9fd89b-44cc-4b69-9ea0-a990f1697418","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"9f47afff-3fc0-40b8-b171-72f61bee1fdc","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"a0d5db36-ac9b-4f5b-9474-1ab242e1c125","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"a370ba3b-2703-4ab9-bb74-fd3d105d2903","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":3,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"b495c5de-2773-4fc6-b63a-9677ed73aa53","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":16,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"b5934831-b9d6-4e2d-9ca6-0f35192369e4","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"b5ad1225-4322-4486-9741-03b53b9b0feb","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"b79afba9-2305-4c4d-9db8-00efaa88e152","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":6,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"c63f63a2-cdd5-4730-8af6-6fdf2201a557","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"c86914ba-6956-4e61-b8e9-f2107898521c","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"cab55c93-7dcd-4f8c-963d-e05a5ea84f7b","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":20,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"cd322e03-8f5c-46d5-be8d-e3e69f12c438","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"d22f5625-8d14-403e-b733-877263ee8b7f","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"d241945c-6e72-40f0-8aad-b375381f809d","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"d4165f93-fe49-4ec7-ba2b-8811506eb278","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"d57fbb0f-7dce-480f-86e0-1f2469bad191","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":24,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"d91c8882-5f4a-4f9d-a9fe-0c0c32bc99f8","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":24,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"da9cfac2-6482-4d28-97af-2e8116e47887","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"e304dc01-8ff1-4a65-acd8-b5898d3a5ffd","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":24,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"eab56ed6-22a7-44bb-bf26-aa5093555255","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":24,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"f6c74edf-4493-4917-8eeb-26f01f24e90a","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"f8c37a20-6aca-42e2-94bb-2960cad7d841","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":1,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false}],"title":"Behavioural approach to phobias","topicId":"799d188c-d787-53e9-8c9d-65d80bf99b45","topicSidebar":"$L3f","topicSlug":"behavioural-approach-to-phobias","topicTitle":"Behavioural approach to phobias"}]}],"$L40","$L41"]}]

Behavioural approach to phobias

Question 3

Behavioural approach to phobias Questions

Behavioural approach to phobias

Question 3

Behavioural approach to phobias Questions